英语国家社会与文化入门简答题Word文件下载.docx
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英语国家社会与文化入门简答题Word文件下载.docx
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itenjoyedthenameof―anempireonwhichthesunneverset‖duetoitsoverseascoloniesontheworld.
2.PeopleoftheBritishEmpirearedescendentsoftheAnglo-Saxons.3.Asystemofmonarchywasobservedstillontoday’sBritain,whichwentthroughthehistory.
TheQueenisstilltheHeadoftheCommonwealth.
4.the―Empire‖stillcanbefeltinthefollowingways:
a.therearestillcloserelationshipsbetweentheUKandthefiftyormorecountrieswhichusedtobeitsformercolonies,andwhichmaintainlinksthroughalooseorganizationcalledtheCommonwealthofNations.
b.itbecameonememberoftheEuropeanUnionsince1973.
c.theeffectalsoliesinthemakeupoftheBritishpopulationitself.Newlyimmigrantsmainlycamefromtheformercolonies,speciallyfromIndiaandCaribbeanarea.d.todaytheMonarchrepresentsthecountryinmanyoccasions.
e.classexistsandlordsandpeersareobviousevidentoftheimperialpast.
2.WhydoestheauthorsaythatitisnotpossibletosumuptheBritishpeoplewithafew
simplephrases?
Reasons:
1.regionaldifferences---England,Scotland,Wales,NorthernIreland2.racialdifferences3.classdifferences4.culturaldifferences---HighlandvsLowland5.religiousdifferences---protestantsvsCatholics(maininNorthernIreland)
3."
Britishhistoryhasbeenahistoryofinvasion"
.Pleaseillustratethispointwiththeexamplesfromthetext.HowdideachoftheinvasionsinfluenceEnglishculture?
WhenWhoWherefromWhichpartinfluence
conquered
43Latin-speakingMediterraneanEnglandandBroughtthe
AD—RomancountriesWales(notMediterranean
AD.5thScotlandorcivilization,
CIreland)Christian,
thAD.5AnglesandGermanyEasternandTheancestorofthe
CSaxonsSouthernBritainEnglishpeople;
—1066(theforefathers(notWalesandKingAlfred’sstory
oftheEnglish;
mostof
thefoundersofScotland)
England)mainlyEngland
LatetheferociousScandinaviaNorthernandTheprocessof
th(北欧:
瑞典、AD.8CVikingsEasternEngland,formingaunited
挪威一带。
丹–ADScotlandBritain(Englishth麦、芬兰、冰10C.Kingsunitedmean,
岛等)sodidtheScottish
Crown),1707,the
unitedBritaincame
intobeing
thAD11NormanFrenchNormandyThenextfewImportaruling
C(Williamthe(northernhundredyears,class
(1066)ConquerorFrance)joiningvarious
defeatedKingpartsofthe
HaroldattheBritishIsles
BattleofunderEnglish
Hastings,andrule(England,
builttheTowerofWales,Scotland,
London)Ireland)
Britishhistoryhasbeenahistoryofinvasions.BeforethefirstcenturyADBritainwasmadeupofmanytribalkingdomsofCelticpeople:
apowerfulcultureoriginatingincentralEurope.Thenin43ADBritainwasinvadedbytheRomanempire,andEnglandandWales(thoughnotScotlandorIreland)becameapartoftheRomanempirefornearly400years.TwomoregroupsofinvadersweretocomeaftertheEnglish:
fromthelate8thcenturyon,raidersfromScandinavia,theferociousVikings,threatenedBritain'
sshores….
4.WhataresomegeneralcharacteristicsofScotland?
HowdidScotlandbecomepart
oftheunionofGreatBritain?
a)TheCeltsoriginallylivedonScotland,theykepttheirowncultureandlanguage—theGealic.
b)AroundtheAD6thC,peoplefromNorthernIrelandinvadedtheSouth-west---thelowlandzone.TheywerecalledScotsandgavethemoderncountryofScotlanditsname.c)TheScottishpeoplehaveastrongsenseofnationalityanddesireforculturalindependence.Theyobservedsomeoldcustomsandtradition,liketheHighlandtradition.Today,bagpipe,andtartanareconsideredasthesouveniroftheScottishhistory.
d)ThedivisionbetweenhighlandandlowlandScotlandremainsaculturaldividetoday,inmuchthesamewayasnorthandsouthEnglandseethemselvesasdifferentfromeachother.e)Scotlandhasagreattraditionofinnovationinthearts,philosophyandscience.RobertLouisStevenson’sfamousnovelDrJekyllandMrHyde《吉基尔医生与海德先生》shows
that:
ScotlandwassuperficiallyfullyintegratedintotheUK,butconcealedbeneaththisisastill-strongScottishidentity.
Scotlandisthesecondlargestofthefournations,bothinpopulationandingeographicalarea.Itisalsothemostconfidentofitsownidentitybecausealoneamongstthenon-EnglishcomponentsoftheUKithaspreviouslyspentasubstantialperiodofhistoryasaunifiedstateindependentofthe
UK.ThusitisnotabigleapfortheScottishtoimaginethemselvesindependentagain.Physically,ScotlandisthemostruggedpartoftheUK,withareasofsparselypopulatedmountainsandlakesinthenorth(TheHighlands),andinthesouth(TheSouthernUplands).Three-quartersofthepopulationlivesinthelowlandzonewhichspansthecountrybetweenthesetwohighlandareas.ThelargestcityisGlasgow,inthewestofthiszone.Scotland'
scapitalcityisEdinburgh,ontheeastcoastfortymilesawayfromGlasgow.Itisrenownedforitsbeauty,anddominatedbyitsgreatcastleonahighrockinthecentreofthecity.Bothcitieshaveancientandinternationallyrespecteduniversitiesdatingfromthe15thcentury.
UnionwithEnglandin1707
1.In1603,QueenElizabethIofEnglanddied.Jamesthe6thofScotlandtookthethrone,calledJamestheFirstofEngland;
unitingthetwothrones
2.Scotlandmaintaineditsseparatepoliticalidentity.
3.In1707,ScotlandjoinedtheUnionbyagreementoftheEnglishandScottishParliaments4.Scotlandsends72representativestotheLondonParliament.
5.DescribecharacteristicsofWalesandWales’unificationwithGreatBritain.
Characteristics:
1.capital:
Cardiff,onthesouthcoast
2.richcoaldeposits
3.attractforeigninvestmentfromJapanandU.S,etc.
--newindustriestoreplacecoalandsteel
4.smallestontheBritishmainland;
closetocentralEngland;
hillyandrugged5.retainsapowerfulsenseofdifferencefromEngland
6.retainsitsownlanguage;
19%populationspeakingGaelic
UnificationwithGreatBritain
1.1267,LlywelynapGruffudd(卢埃林?
阿普?
格鲁菲德),forcedtheEnglishto
acknowledgehimasPrinceofWalesbyamilitarycampaign,andunifiedWalesasanindependentnation.
2.1282,hewaskilled.TheEnglishKingEdwardInamedhissonthePrinceofWales,tryingtobringWalesintotheBritishnation.
3.1400,OwainGlyndwr(欧文?
格林道瓦尔)ledanunsuccessfulrisingagainsttheEnglish.
4.1536,WaleswasbroughtlegallyintotheUKbyanactoftheBritishParliament.5.Walessends38representativestotheLondonParliament.4arefromtheNationalistParty.
WaleswasalwaysunderpressurefromitsEnglishneighbours,particularlyaftertheNormanconquest,whenNormanbaronssetupcastlesandestatesinWalesundertheauthorityoftheEnglishCrown.SomebriefcampaignsaretheonlytimesinhistorywhenWaleshasexistedasaunifiedindependentnation.
6..ArethereanydifferencesbetweenEnglandandWalesintermsofculturaltradition?
4.Yes,thereare.Thecloselong-standingrelationshipmeansthatmodernWaleslackssomeoftheoutwardsignsofdifferencewhichScotlandpossesses—itslegalsystemanditseducationsystem
areexactlythesameasinEngland.Oftenofficialstatisticsaregivenfor"
EnglandandWales"
.
However,Walesisdifferent,andoneofthekeymarkersofthatdifferenceistheWelshlanguage—theoldBritishCeltictonguewhichisstillindailyuse.
Chapter2NorthernIrelandQuestionsforThought:
1.WhyisNorthernIreland,accordingtotheauthor,sosignificantintheUnitedKingdom?
Whatisthepoliticalproblemthere?
.Until1921thefullnameoftheUKwas"
TheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandIreland"
notonly"
NorthernIreland"
becausethewholeislandofIrelandwaspoliticallyintegratedwithGreatBritain,andhadbeensince1801,whileBritain'
sdominationoftheIrishdatedbackcenturiesevenbeforethatdate.ButIrishdesiresforanindependentIrishstatewereneverlost,andoneofthekeyissuesinlatenineteenthcenturyBritishpoliticswasacampaigninparliamentforwhatwascalled"
home-rule"
—IrishpoliticalcontrolofIrishaffairs.TheHomeRuleBillwasfinallypassedin1914,buttheprocesswasovertakenbytheFirstWorldWarandwassuspendedforthedurationofthewar.
Keys:
1.itissignificantbecauseofthepoliticaltroublesthere.
2.thepoliticaltrouble
OriginalinhabitantsweremainlydescentsofCelts;
theybelievedinCatholics.Theimmigrants
thfromScotlandandnorthEnglandinthe17c,sentbytheEnglishkingforthesakeofbetter
controloverIreland,weremainlyProtestants.Theirarrivalarousedlocalpeople’shostility.They
werepressured.
In1921theIrelandgotindependencewhileinNorthernIreland,themajoritywasProtestantandloyaliststotheBritishgovernment,wantedtobeseparatedfromtherestpartsofIreland.NowinNorthernIreland,theminority—theCatholicsfounditdifficultforthemtofindjob.The
conflictsbetweenProtestantsandCatholicsgotincreased.
ToprotectthelocalCatholics,theBritishsoldiersstationedNorthernIrelandin1969,whichlateracceleratedtheconflictsbetweenthelocalpeopleandtheBritishgovernment.
2WhataresomeofthefactorsinIrishandEnglishhistorythataffectthesituationinNorthernIrelandtoday?
Alongwiththepoliticalcampaignforhome-rulethereweregroupswhofollowedamoredirectmethodofpursuingIri
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