09年四级考试模拟试题及答案Word格式文档下载.docx
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09年四级考试模拟试题及答案Word格式文档下载.docx
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有很多好处......
2.有人认为"
落到实处很难
3.你的观点及建议
[2]快速阅读
PartⅡReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)(15minutes)
Inthispart,youwillhave15minutestogooverthepassagequicklyandanswerthequestionsonAnswerSheet1.
Forquestions1-7,mark
Y(forYES)ifthestatementagreeswithinformationgiveninthepassage;
N(forNO)ifthestatementcontradictstheinformationgiveninthepassage;
NG(forNOTGIVEN)iftheinformationisnotgiveninthepassage.
Forquestions8-10,completethesentenceswiththeinformationgiveninthepassage.
ObesityinChildren
Obesityinchildrenandadolescentsisrisingatanalarmingrate.Currentlyover15%ofyoungpeopleover6yearsoldareobese,andobesityisalsoincreasingamongchildrenaged5andyounger.
ChildrenareconsideredtobeoverweightiftheBMI(BodyMassIndex)isover85%oftheweightgroupintheirageandsexcategories.Ifitis95%andover,theyareconsideredtobeobese.Adolescentsaregenerallyjudgedaccordingtoadultcriteriaforobesity,althoughthereareotherconsiderationsinthispopulation.Ethnicvariations,timingofgrowthspurts,andhighernormalfatlevelsaroundpubertycancausedisparitiesinthesemeasurements.
CausesandRiskFactorsforObesityinChildren
LifestyleFactors.Withouteducationalorparentalguidance,childrenareextremelyvulnerabletotheintenseculturalpressuresthatarelargelyresponsiblefortheobesityepidemic.Neitherthemedianortheeducationalsystemhasstrongwell-financedprogramsthatencouragehealthy-alternatives,includingexerciseandhealthyfoods.Thefollowingaresomespecificproblemscreatedbytheculture:
*Excessivetelevisionwatchingplaysacriticalroleinobesityinchildren.Notonlyisitasedentaryactivity,buttelevisionalsooffersinnumerabletemptationswithitsadvertisementsforfastfoods,sugarcereals,andunhealthysnacks.Inonestudyobesityrateswerelowestinchildrenwhowatchedtelevisiononehourorlessadayandhighestinthosewhowatchedfourormorehours.
*Sugar,particularlyfromsoda,othersweetenedbeverages,andfruitjuice,maybemajorcontributorstochildhoodobesity.Onestudyreportedthatdrinkingsodaregularlyincreasesachild'
sriskforobesityby60%.
*Lessphysicalexerciseandgreatersedentaryactivitiesplayanothersignificantroleinobesityinchildren.Ahighlevelofphysical,activity-notjustusingupenergy-isimportantforweightcontrolinyoungpeople.
FamilyHistory.Parentalobesitymorethandoublestheriskthatayoungchild,whetherthinoroverweight,willbecomeobeseasanadult.Inolderchildrenandteenagers,obesityinparentsstartstocountlessasapredictorforbodyweightthantheirownweight.Theriskmaybeduetoenvironmentalorgeneticfactors,orboth.
EthnicandSocioeconomicFactors.Asinadultpopulations,childrenfromlowersocioeconomicgroupsandminoritypopulationsareathigherriskforobesity.Forexample,amongyoungMexicanAmericansandAfricanAmericans,therehasbeenanincreaseinoverweightprevalenceofabout13%toover23%.
FactorsSurroundingBirth.Thefollowingfactorssurroundingbirthareassociatedwithachild'
sweight:
*Lowbirthweightisariskfactorforlaterobesityanddiabetes.Onetheoryisthathumanshavea"
thriftygene"
thatproducesmetabolicchangesininfantswithlowbirthweight.Suchchangesaffectinsulinandfataccumulationinordertoproducea"
catch-up"
weightintheseyoungchildrenasquicklyaspossible.Thisrapidweightgainininfancyincreasesthegainriskforobesityinchildrenandalsoinyoungadulthood.
*InastudyofAfricanAmericanchildren,havinganoverweightpregnantmotherincreasedtheriskforlaterweightgain,butlowbirthweightdidnot.
Althoughsomesmallstudieshavereportedprotectionagainstobesityfrombreastfeeding,evidenceisweak.Ina2003study,forexample,childrenwhowerebreastfedforthreetofivemonthshadalowerriskforobesity,butprolongedbreastfeedinghadnoeffect.Nevertheless,giventhehealthfuleffectsofbreastfeedingandthepossibilitythatitmayhaveevenaslightimpactonchildhoodobesity,itishighlyrecommended.
HealthConsequencesofChildhoodObesity
Childrenandadolescentswhoareobesehavepoorerhealththanotherchildren.Studiesarereportingunhealthycholesterollevelsandhighbloodpressureinobesechildrenandadolescents.Ofgreatconcernisthedramaticincreaseintype2diabetesinyoungpeople,whichismostcertainlylargelyduetotheincreaseinobesity.Obesityinchildrenisalsolinkedtoasthma,gallbladderproblems,sleepapnea,andliverabnormalities.Childhoodobesitymaybepartlyresponsibleforthedecliningageforonsetofpubertyingirls,withsubsequentrisksforbreastcancer.
Itisnotclearyethowmanyofthesechildhoodproblemspersistinpeoplewhoachievenormalweightasadults.Stayingoverweightintoadulthoodcertainlyconfershealthrisks.
ManagingOverweightandObeseChildren
Childhoodobesityisbesttreatedbyanon-drug,multidisciplinaryapproachincludingdiet,behaviormodification,andexercise.Someevidencesuggeststhatreducingcaloriesbyonly200to260perdaywouldpreventweightgaininmostoverweightchildren.Heresometipsforchildrenwhoareoverweight:
*Limitoravoidifpossibletake-out,fastfoods,high-sugarsnacks,commercialpackagedsnacks,sodaandsugarsweetenedbeverages(includingtoomuchjuice).
*Letchildrensnackbutmakesurethesnacksarehealthy.Eatingsmallfrequenthealthymeals(insteadoftwoorthreelargeones)hasbeenassociatedwithbeingthinnerandhavingabettercholesterolprofile.
*Letchildrenchoosetheirownfoodportions.Onestudyindicatedthatchildrennaturallyate25%lessthantheychosetheirownportionsize.Whentheyweregivenlargerportionstheirbitesizeswerelargerandtheyatemore.
*Don'
tcriticizeachildforbeingoverweight.Itdoesnothelpandsuchattitudescouldputchildrenatriskforeatingdisorders,whichareequalorevengreaterdangerstohealth.
*Limittelevision,videogames,andcomputerusetoafewhoursaweek.Thiscancontributesignificantlytoweightcontrol,regardlessofdietandphysicalactivity.
*Foryoungchildren,trythetraffic-lightdiet.Foodisdesignatedwithstoplightcolorsdependingontheirhighcaloriccontent:
Greenforgo(lowcalories);
yellowfor"
eatwithcaution"
(mediumcalories);
redfor"
stop"
(highcalories).
*Tryalow-glycemicindexdiet.Thismaybeasbeneficialandpossiblymorethanastandardreduced-fatdietinobesechildren.Suchadietfocusesoncarbohydrates,suchasdriedbeansandsoy,thatraisebloodsugarmoreslowlythanothers.Thisdietissometimesusedindiabetesandasadietaryapproachinoverweightadults.
1.OverweightchildrenarethosewhoseBMIisover85%oftheweightgroupintheirageandsexcategories.
2.Theeducationalsystemispositiveinpromotingexerciseandhealthyfoods,accordingtothepassage.
3.Itisobservedthatchildrenwatchingtelevisiononehourorlessadaytendtobelesslikelytosufferfromobesity.
4.Theintakeofsugaramongchildrenisanimportantcontributortochildhoodobesity.
5.Inmostcases,obesechildrentendtohaveparentssufferingobesity,asenvironmentalorgeneticfactorsarethemajorreasonsforchildhoodobesity.
6.Infantswithlowbirthweightmayfaceariskforobesityastheygrowupintochildhoodandyoungadulthood.
7.Forobesechildren,achievingahealthyweightbecomesmoredifficultastheygetolder,asthepersistenceisbiological.
8.Obesechildrenandadolescentshavepoorerhealth,astheyarereportedtohaveunhealthy.
9.Itissuggestedthatreducingcalorieswouldpreventweightgaininmostoverweightchildren.
10.Theauthorbelievesthatitdoesnothelptocriticizechildrenforbeingoverweight,asthismayincreasetheriskfor.
[4]阅读理解
PartⅣReadingComprehension(ReadinginDepth)(25minutes)
SectionA
Inthissection,thereisapassagewithtenblanks.Youarerequiredtoselectonewordforeachblankfromalistofchoicesgiveninawordbankfollowingthepassage.Readthepassagethroughcarefullybeforemakingyourchoices.Eachchoiceinthebankisidentifiedbyaletter.PleasemarkthecorrespondingletterforeachitemonAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Youmaynotuseanyofthewordsinthebankmorethanonce.
Questions47to56arebasedonthefollowingpassage.
ThecomparativelytreelessplainsofNorthAfricahavesufferedaprogressivedryingup,both47andman-made,buttheregionwas48sorichinfertilesoilthatthedistrictwenowknowastheLibyanDesertwas,intheolddays,partofthegranary(粮仓)oftheRomanEmpire,andthecentreoftheSahara49abusytradingpopulationforalongperiod.Thatwaswhentherewere50inplentyandthefieldswerethetraditional"
fieldsofthewoods"
-clearingsintheforest-andthereforealwaystree51.
Itisthetreesthatliftthewaterandsend52intotheairsothatitmayfallasdeworrainfurtheron.Treesreducethespeedofthewind,andprovideshelterandshade;
theroots53mineralsinthesoilandthesearecarriedtotheleaveswhich,whentheyhavefulfilledtheirfunction,returntotheearth,givingthesoilthecombinationofmineralsthatplantsrequire.
Butthrough
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