ThomasGrayWord文档格式.docx
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ThomasGrayWord文档格式.docx
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•Helivedwithhismotheraftershelefthisabusivefather.
Education
•Attheageofeight,hewassenttoEtonCollege.
•EtonCollegeisaBritishindependentschoolforboysaged13to18.
•“ThechiefnurseofEngland'
sstatesmen
Friends
•AtEton,ThomasGraymadethreeclosefriends:
HoraceWalpole,ThomasAshton,andRichardWest.
•HoraceWalpole,sonofPrimeMinisterRobertWalpole.
•RichardWest,sonofaLordChancellorofIreland.
•In1734GrayenteredPeterhouseCollege,CambridgeUniversity,wherehestudiedforfouryears.
•Hewasintendedforthelaw,butinfacthespenthistimereadingclassicalandmodernliterature.
GrandTour
•In1738heaccompaniedhisoldfriendHoraceWalpoleonhisGrandTour,Walpolepaidalltheexpenses.
•TheyfelloutandpartedinItalybecauseWalpolewantedtoattendfashionablepartieswhileGraywantedtovisitalltheantiquities.
•AfterGray'
sreturnfromtheContinentaltour,hisfatherdied.HemovedtothevillageofStokePoges,Buckinghamshirewithhismother,aunt.
•Grayisoneofthemostlearnedmenofhistime.
•In1742,GrayreturnedtoPeterhouse,Cambridgeasafellow,andfinallyhetookthedegreeofBachelorofCivilLaw.
•ThenheremainedatCambridgeandbeganaself-imposedprogrammofliteraryandGreekstudy.
•WhentheBritishMuseum(nowtheBritishLibrary)wasopenedtothepublicin1759,hespenttwoyearsworkinginthegreatlibrary.
•GrayspentmostofhislifeasascholarinCambridge
•In1762heappliedfortheRegiusProfessorshipofModernHistoryatCambridgebutonlygotthepositionin1768becausethesuccessfulcandidatewasdied.
•AlthoughhewasmadeprofessorofhistoryatCambridge,heneverdeliveredanypubliclectures
Death
•At55,GraysufferedaviolentattackofgoutanddiedinhisroomsatPeterhousein1771.HewasburiedatStokePogeschurchyard,thesceneofthe"
Elegy"
.
Writingandacademia
•In1742,Grayseemedtoapplyhimselfseriouslytopoetryandinthisyearhepublishedhisearlypoemsofimportancehisodes:
"
OdeonSpring“,“OnaDistantProspectofEtonCollege“,"
HymntoAdversity“.
•InthatyearhisbestfriendRichardWestdiedandhestartedonhisgreatestmasterpiece,"
ElegyWritteninaCountryChurchyard"
whichestablishedhisreputation.
•Graywassoselfcriticalandfearfuloffailurethatheonlypublished13poems(fewerthan1,000lines),duringhislifetime.
•Althoughhewasoneoftheleastproductivepoets,heisregardedasthepredominantpoeticfigureofthemid-18thcentury.
•In1757,hewasofferedthepostofPoetLaureate,butherefused.
Graveyardpoets
•Graywasalsoknownasoneofthe"
Graveyardpoets"
ofthelate18thcentury.
•The"
GraveyardPoets"
wereanumberofpre-RomanticEnglishpoetsofthe18thcenturycharacterisedbytheirgloomymeditationsonmortality,'
skullsandcoffins,epitaphsandworms'
inthecontextofthegraveyard.Tothiswasadded,bylaterpractitioners,afeelingforthe'
sublime'
anduncanny,andaninterestinancientEnglishpoeticformsandfolkpoetry.TheyareoftenreckonedasprecursorsoftheGothicgenre.
Pre-Romantic
•Grayisregardedbymanyasa"
pre-Romantic"
becausehispoetrysignalsashiftfromthecharacteristicsoftheAugustanagewithitspublicfocus,heroiccouplets,andsatiretotheRomanticagewithitsfocusonprivatethoughts,lyricalpoemswithalternatingrhymeschemes,andexplorationoftheself.
•Inthe18thcentury,artwasregardedasartifice,thusthepopularityofornate,flowerylanguage.TheRomanticswantedartnottobesoartificial.Gray'
spoemsrevealthecharacteristicsofbothliteraryperiods.
ElegyWritteninaCountryChurchyard
•Thecurfewtollstheknellofpartingday,
•Thelowingherdwindslowlyo'
erthelea,
•Theplowmanhomewardplodshiswearyway,
•Andleavestheworldtodarknessandtome;
•Nowfadestheglimm'
ringlandscapeonthesight,
•Andalltheairasolemnstillnessholds,
•Savewherethebeetlewheelshisdroningflight,
•Anddrowsytinklingslullthedistantfolds;
•ElegyWritteninaCountryChurchyardisamemorialtohisdiedfriendRichardWest.
•Grayworkedonthispoemfrom1742to1750.Itisfirstpublishedin1751.OriginallytitledStanza'
sWroteinaCountryChurch-Yard,thepoemwascompletedwhenGraywaslivingneartheStokePogeschurchyard.
•ItwassenttohisfriendHoraceWalpole,whopopularisedthepoemamongLondonliterarycircles.Graywaseventuallyforcedtopublishtheworkon15February1751,topre-emptamagazinepublisherfromprintinganunlicensedcopyofthepoem.
•Thepoemisanelegyinnamebutnotinform;
itemploysasimilarstyletocontemporaryodes,butitembodiesameditationondeath,andremembranceafterdeath.
•Thepoemarguesthattheremembrancecanbegoodandbad,andthenarratorfindscomfortinponderingthelivesoftheobscurerusticsburiedinthechurchyard.
•Thetwoversionsofthepoem,StanzasandElegy,approachdeathdifferently;
thefirstcontainsastoicresponsetodeath,butthefinalversioncontainsanepitaphwhichservestorepressthenarrator'
sfearofdying.
•Thepoemquicklybecamepopular.Itwasprintedmanytimes,translatedintomanylanguages,andpraisedbycriticsevenafterGray'
sotherpoetryhadfallenoutoffavour.
•Latercriticstendedtopraiseitslanguageanduniversalaspects,butsomefelttheendingwasunconvincing,failingtoresolvethequestionsthepoemraised;
orthatthepoemdidnotdoenoughtopresentapoliticalstatementthatwouldservetohelptheobscurerusticpoorwhoformsitscentralimage.
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