第 10单元 关系词Word文档下载推荐.docx
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第 10单元 关系词Word文档下载推荐.docx
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如果把句子换一种方式说,可改成以下不同的句子:
Mr.Lee,whoaskedmeouttodinner,tookmetothenearestrestaurant.(=Mr.Leeaskedmeouttodinner,andhetook…)
Hisfriends,whohadtriedtodissuadehimfromsmoking,didnotsucceed.(=Hisfriendshadtriedtodissuadehimfromsmoking,buttheydidnotsucceed.)
535Who,whom和whose在关系从句中可分别用作主语、宾语和所有格(形容词),但它们不受它们的先行词的格的影响。
除了起名词及形容词的作用外,它们还起and,but,for或so这样连词的作用:
Ioncemetthisman,who(=andhe)toldmeastrangestory.
(who的格是由它在关系从句中的位置决定的,而不是由它的先行词man的格决定的,man是主句中及物动词met的宾语。
)
AtthepartytherewasJohn,whomIhadnotseenforyears(=andIhadnotseenhimforyears).(在非正式英语中,可用who代替whom。
FirstcameMary,whomfewofushadexpected(=butfewofushadexpectedher).
HedidnotinviteMary,whomhedisliked(=for、hedislikedher).
HementionedhisbrotherinLondon,whom(作介词after的宾语)Ipresentlyinquiredafter.
IpraisedMary,whose(=soher)motherwasquitedelightedbutsaidnothing.
TheyblamedJohn,whose(=buthis)faultwasreallyslight.
John,whosefaultwasreallyslight,wasnottoblame.(=John‘sfaultwasreallyslight,sohewasnottoblame.)
536但是关系从句中的谓语动词必须和先行词在人称和数上一致:
Thisboy,whoworksveryhard,willberewarded.
John,whoisbusy,cannotgowithus.
Theseboys,whoworkveryhard,willberewarded.
JohnandMary,whoarebusy,cannotgowithus.
You,whoarehisfriend,understandhimwell.
Icouldnotdiscussthiswithyou,whoweretooyoungtoun-derstandit.
She,whoishisfriend,understandshimwell.
Icouldnotdiscussthiswithmyfather,whowastooserioustotalkaboutit.
I,whoamhisfriend,understandhimwell.(在口语中用is)
Sheshouldbelieveinme,whoamherhusband.
537关系从句几乎全都是1)陈述句,很少是2)感叹句、3)疑问句或4)祈使句:
1)IcriticisedLee,whoimmediatelygotangryandleft.
Mysister,whomyousawtheotherday,willgetmarriedtomorrow.
2)John(whommayGodconfound!
)hasturnedtraitor.
EverybodylookedatMary,bywhomhowmanywereen-chanted!
3)John(whoseoffencecouldIoverlook?
)didinsultmeataparty.
4)IhavewrittentoKim,whompleaseapplyto.
538上面例句中的关系从句有并列性质,为非限制性的(Non-Re-strictive),因为关系代词连接的是两个同样重要的分句。
但下面例句中的关系从句都是限制性的(Restrictive),因为它们起形容词的作用,修饰先行词,和先行词构成一个统一的意思。
在非限制性关系从句和先行词之间,如果写出来,必须有一个逗号,而在限制性关系从句和先行词之间,写出来时,一般没有逗号(只有一些特殊的例外情况),说出来时中间也没有停顿。
非限制性关系从句在书面语中用得较多,在口语中很少使用。
Theteacherwillpunishstudentswhoarelazy(=lazystu-dents).
Amanwhoonlycaresabouthimself(=Aselfishman)willnotsucceed.
JohnistheonlymanwhomIknow(=myonlyacquaintance)inHongKong.
Iknowthemanwhosesonisyourstudent(=yourstudent’sfather).
Theboywhobuokethewindowisgone.
Wherearenowthemarshalswhohaveperformedgreatex-ploits?
539在限制性关系从句中,whom可以省略,而且常常省略:
Showmethefellow(whom)youmetlastweek.
Thegirl(whom)youloveispretty.
Thecarpenter(whom)theyareemployingismyuncle.
Johnismarriedtoawoman(whom)hedoesnotknowwell.
注:
一个名词如果已明确何所指,如thishouse,JaneLee,myfather,Venice,就不宜再有限制性关系从句。
2.Which-Which-Whose
540Who代表人,which则代表东西。
which后面的谓语动词,必须与先行词在数上一致。
Which可引起非限制性关系从句:
Hesetfreethebird,whichwasagiftfromhisaunt.
Hesetfreethebirds,whichwereagiftfromhisaunt.
Hesetfreethebird,which(=andit)lookedathimdoubt-fully.
Hesetfreethebird,which(=butit)refusedtoleavehim.
Hesetfreethebird,which(=soit)flewawayatonce.
Thesehouses,whichfacesouth,belongtoJohn.(=Thesehousesfacesouth,andtheybelongtoJohn.)
Thesehouses,whichfacesouth,havenotreesaround.(…butthey…)
Thesehouses,whichfacesouth,arecoolinsummerandwarminwinter.(…sothey…)
541Which在关系从句中既可作主语,又可作宾语。
Whose作为所有格形容词,可以代表人,也可代表物:
Hewasreadingabook,which(作为谓语动词was的主语)wasaboutwar,which(作为及物动词bought的宾语)hehadboughtfromLondon,which(作为介词in的宾语)hewasverymuchinterestedin,whose(=andits)(所有格形容词)coverborethetitleof“War”.
Hehadabigpalace,whosedoor(orthedoorofwhich,ofwhichthedoor)wascoveredwithgoldleaf.
Hewantstosellhishouse,whichwhowillbuy?
(关系从句很少是问句)
Hewantstosueforadivorce,whichGodforbid!
(关系从句也很少是感叹句)
542Which引起的关系从句,如果是限制性的,同时which在从句中又用作宾语,which就可以省略,也常常省略,whose(which的所有格)也可用在限制性关系从句中:
Hehastostudyasubjectwhichdoesnotinteresthim(=anuninterestingsubject).
Philosophyissomethingwhichcannotbedefined(=some-thingundefinable).
Thecarswhicharedrivingalongbeforeusarepretty.
Hehastostudyasubject(which)hedoesnotlike.
Philosophyissomething(which)Icannotunderstand.
Thecars(which)youarelookingataremyuncle‘s.
ThehousewhosewindowisgreenbelongstoJohn.
Whatisthenameofthecountrywhosepopulationisthelargestintheworld?
3.That-That-Whose
543That既可代表东西,又可代表人,总是用于限制性关系从句中。
如果在从句中作宾语,常常被省略掉。
That没有自己的所有格形式:
Theboythat(=who)camehereisJohn’sson.
MayImeettheladythatdancessogracefully?
(此处用that可能是出于礼貌。
代表人时用who比用that要多得多。
Heisthepoetthatwasandistobe(=ofthepastandthefu-ture).
SheisMrs.Leethatistobe.
Thechild(that)(=whom)thewomanlookedafterwassud-denlymissing.(作宾语时,that较whom要用得多得多。
Thechild(that)hisfatherhadpunisheddidthemischiefa-gain.
Thenewsthat(=which)(作主语)shockedallofushadcomefromMary.
Thenews(that)(=which)(作宾语)IheardhadcomefromMary.
544如果先行词前有某些形容词修饰,that比who,whom或which都用得多得多:
Heisthebest(最高级)teacherthatevertaughtus.
Thefirst(orlast,only,next)manthateamewasLee.
Thisistheverything(that)Iwant.
Thisisthesamewatch(that)Ilost.
Heastonishedallthewomenthatwerepresent.(但是:
Allwhocamewereinwhite.)
Thishouseisallthatisleftofherlife.
Any(orEvery)studentthatisattentiveandhard-workingwillberewarded.Nostudentthatiscarelessandidlewillpasstheexam.(但:
Anyone,Everyone,Noone,Anybody,Everybody,Somebody-who…)
Thereismuch(orlittle,none)thatcanbesaid.
545That可以用来避免“who…who”,“which…which”这种结构;
而who和which也可用来避免“that…that”这种结构:
Who(疑问词)that(不是who)sawherdidnotlikeher?
Whichistheshipthat(不是which)startsforHongKong?
Iknowthatman(orthosemen)who(不是that)cameyes-terday.
Thatthing(orThosethings)which(不是that)youdon‘tknow,youpretendtoknow.
546当关系代词代表一个集体名词或代表人及物时,用that更好一些:
Shewantstojoinateamthatconsistsofteenagers.
Thislawhasnothingtodowithacompanythatwasestab-lishedbefore1950.
MenandthingsthatIsawthere,wereverycurious.
Ihavetolookafterthepassengersandluggagethatcrosstheriver.
547关系代词和它的动词,若被一个短语或从句隔开,多用who和which而不用that:
Propertywasthefirstthingwhich,onthedeathofthefather,interestedthesons.
Icanhelpanymanwho,incaseheisintrouble,needsmyhelp.
Igavefoodtothechildwho,afterhisparentsdied,hadno-bodytocareforhim.
548That常和以-ible和-able结尾的词一起用:
Thereisnotemptationthatisirresistible,noplanthatisim-possible,noriverthatisunfathomable,nogorgethatisimpassable.
4.As-As-X
549作为关系代词,as只能用在限制性关系从句中,只能用在such,same,as或so的后面,不能用作所有格(例外情况见第559,582节):
Childrenlovesuchpeopleas(主语)lovethem.(suchpeopleas=thatkindofpeoplewho…)
Suchastudentasworkshardwillsucceed.
Inevergotosuchplacesas(宾语)gamblersfrequent.(suchplacesas=thatkindofplacewhich…)
SuchadogasIkeepiscalledabulldog.
Suchas(=Thosewho)havemoneyhavefriends.
Hismethodisnotsuch(amethod)asIuse.
在suchas后有时跟一些名词作为例子,而不跟从句:
HehassuchbooksasIliadandHamlet.
Hehasmanybooks,suchasIlladandHamlet.
Manybooksareavailableinthissmalllibrary,suchasIliadandHamlet.(注意上面3个例句中such和as以及相关名词的位置关系)
Somecitieshavemillionsofpeople,suchasNewYorkandTokyo.
Thesameaccidentas(主语)happenedtoyou,hadhappenedtome.
Heboughtthesameradiosetas(宾语)youhad.
Heisnotthesameplayboyasweknew.
Hechargedmethesamepriceasthey(=astheychargedme).(有些动词可以省略)
Hechargedmethesamepriceasher(=ashechargedher).
Iaminthesameclassashe.
ThisisthesamewatchasIlost.(Itisnotmine.)
比较:
ThisisthesamewatchthatIlost.(Itismine.)
在such和same后有时也可以用who,which,what引起从句,如上例。
Hecanwriteso(oras)interestingastoryas(主语)movesustotears.(或astorysointerestingas…)
Hediditinso(或as)peculiaramannerassurprisedme.(或amanneraspeculiaras…)
Asmanychildrenas(主语)comewillbeadmitted.
Nonehaveasmanychildrenas(宾语)hehas.
Hetriedtomakeasfewmistakesashecouldavoid.
5.But-But-X
550But间或用作关系代词,意思等于“that…not”,“who…not”或“whom…not”。
它引起的都是限制性关系从句,常用在否定句后。
下面的例子是书面语,而且比较陈旧:
Thereisnochildbut(主语)knows(=nochildwhodoesnotknow)UncleLee.(=EverychildknowsUncleLee.)
Thereisscarcelyagoodmoviebut(宾语)hehasseen(=thathehasnotseen).
Thereisneverafriendbutheremebersthebirthdayof.
Whoistherebutcommitserrors?
(but间或也可用在疑问句后)
(Thereare)Few(=Notmany)menbutlovetheirchildren.
(Thereis)Notoneofusbutseeshisfolly.
Who(isthere)butknowsit?
有时可用butwhat或butthat代替but,不过这种情形极少。
在but后有时会用多余的he,it等。
6.What-What-What
551What是先行词和关系代词的结合体,表示“……的东西”:
Youmaychoosewhat(=thethingwhich)interestsyou.
(what的意思是thethingwhich,它同时作关系从句中的主语,又作主句中的宾语,也就是说which作主语,thething作宾语。
What(=Anythingthat)isuselessto
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