0702班庄金Word文档格式.docx
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0702班庄金Word文档格式.docx
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中的运用
专业名称:
英语
学生姓名:
庄金
学生学号:
学生班级:
指导教师:
0704014225
英语0702
卓欣莲
毕业时间:
二零一一年六月
ACOMPARATIVESTUDYBETWEENENGLISHANDCHINESEPOLITENESSPRINCIPLESandtheirapplicationINCROSS-CULTURALCOMMUNICATION
BY
ZhuangJin
ATHESIS
SUBMITTEDINPARTIAL
FULFILLMENTOFTHEREQUIREMENTS
FORTHEDEGREEOFBACHELOROFARTSTO
YAN’ANUNIVERSITY
JUNE2011
Abstract
Withthedevelopmentofpoliticsandeconomy,thecommunicationbetweendifferentcountrieshasbecomemoreandmorefrequent.Peoplewithdifferentculturalbackgroundsshowdifferentunderstandingsofpoliteness.Sometimeswhatoneconsiderstobepolitemaynotbetrueforanotherbecauseofculturaldifferences.Therefore,PolitenessPrincipleplaysacrucialroleincross-culturalcommunication.Inordertomaketheinteractiongoingonsmoothlyandsuccessfullyincross-culturalactivities,peoplehavetomastersomepolitenessprinciples.ThispaperfirstlydescribestheCo-operativePrinciple,whichwasputforwardbyGrice.TheCo-operativePrinciplerequiresthattheparticipantsinconversationshouldfollowthemaximsoftheCo-operativePrinciplesoastohavesuccessfulcommunication.However,byconsideringoftheappropriatenessanddegreeofpoliteness,peoplehavetoadheretosomepolitenessprinciples.Hence,thisarticlebrieflydescribesaChinesePolitenessPrinciplebyGuYueguoandanEnglishPolitenessPrinciplebyLeech.Bycomparingbetweenthesetwoprinciples,canpeoplerealizetheculturaldifferencessothattheycanchoosetheappropriatewordsincommunication.Aftercomparingthedifferencebetweenthem,andgivingsomeexamplesincross-culturalcommunication,theauthormakesabriefsummeryofhowtoimprovethecommunicativecompetence,whicharemainlyfocusesontheirdifferences.Inthatway,peoplecanimprovetheirabilityincross-culturalcommunication.
Keywords:
PolitenessPrinciple;
cross-culturalcommunication;
compare;
cultural-difference;
摘要
随着经济政治的发展,不同国家的交往也越来越频繁。
不同文化背景下,人们对礼貌的理解也有所差异。
在这一文化背景下被人们认为符合礼貌原则的事情,在另一文化背景下,人们可能很难接受。
因此,礼貌原则在跨文化交际中占有非常重要的地位。
为了保证交际的成功进行,人们必须掌握一些礼貌原则。
本文首先列出Grice提出的合作原则,即交际中的参与者一定要遵守合作原则,这样才能保证有效地交流。
但是考虑到言语的得体性与礼貌程度,人们不得不遵守一些礼貌原则。
本文简要阐述了顾曰国与Leech提出的两个礼貌原则,并对它们做了简要对比。
通过对比分析,最终得出一些文化差异,进而人们就可以选择恰当的语言在跨文化交际中进行交流。
通过这些文化差异的对比,以及列出一些跨文化交际中交际失败的例子,本文总结出一些如何提高交际能力的方法。
只有当意识到这些文化差异,才能确保我们在交际中使用得体和礼貌的语言,从而提高学生跨文化交际的能力。
关键词:
礼貌原则;
跨文化交际;
对比;
文化差异
Tableofcontents
1.Introduction1
2.ThepropositionofEnglishandChinesePolitenessPrinciples3
2.1.TheCo-operativePrinciple3
2.2.TheEnglishPolitenessPrinciple.4
2.3.TheChinesePolitenessPrinciple5
3.ThecomparisonbetweenPolitenessPrincipleinEnglishandChinese7
3.1.Thesimilaritiesofthesetwoprinciples7
3.2.Thedifferencesofthesetwoprinciples7
4.TheapplicationofPolitenessPrincipleincross-culturalcommunication11
4.1.Sometypicalmisunderstandingsbecauseofinadequatecomprehension11
4.2.Reasonsofcausingthemisapprehension12
4.3.Importantpointsincultivatingcommunicativecompetenceincross-culturalcommunication13
4.4.ThesignificanceofusingPolitenessPrincipleincross-culturalcommunication17
5.Conclusion18
Bibliography19
Acknowledgements20
Introduction
Politenessisthesymbolofcivilization,andalsoguidepeople’sbehaviors.Ineverydevelopmentofsociety,politenessplaysanimportantrole.Therefore,itisanindispensablepartincommunication.Itisacrucialpointtodeepentherelationshipbetweenotherpeople.Thegeneralmeaningof“polite”referstomoralityandethics.However,ithasspecialmeaninginpragmatics.
“Asauniversalphenomenon,politenessisobservedineverysociety.Itsmainfunctionsaremaintainingsocialorder;
maintaininginterpersonalrelations;
reducingconflictsandmisunderstandingsbymeansofpolitespeechactssoastoattaintheaimofcommunication”.[4]“InboththeEastandtheWestcultures,politenesshaslongbeenregardedasanindispensablepartoflanguage.Thereexistsawide-ranginguseofpolitenessprincipleandpolitenesslanguagesthathaveclearlydemonstratedpeople’sfondnessandimportanceofthisparticularlinguisticdevice.Also,inbothculturesofEnglishandChinese,politenesshasthesocialfunctionsinthesetwodifferentcultures,andcommonpolitelanguagesinthesetwoculturesarealsothesame,buttheyaredifferentinpracticaluse.Thesedifferencesoftenbecomethesourceofpragmaticfailuresininterculturalcommunication.”[4]
In1967,H.P.GriceputforwardtheCo-operativePrinciple.Co-operativePrinciple
requiresthatpeopleshouldfollowsomemaximsiftheywanttogetinformation.In
1983,LeechputforwardthePolitenessPrinciple,whichincludesTactMaxim,GenerosityMaxim,ApprobationMaxim,ModestyMaxim,AgreementMaximand
SympathyMaxim,wasaverynecessarysupplementtotheCo-operativePrinciple.ThisistheEnglishPolitenessPrincipleputforwardbywesterners.TherealsohavePolitenessPrincipleinChina.ChinesePolitenessPrincipleincludesRespectfulnessMaxim,AppellationMaxim,RefinementMaxim,ConsistencyMaxim,Virtue,SpeechandBehaviorMaxim.TheessentialdifferenceofEnglishandChinesePolitenessPrinciplesisinfactthedifferencesbetweenChineseandwesternculturalbackground.BycomparingbetweenChineseandEnglishPolitenessPrinciple,whichareputforwardbyGuYueguoandLeechrespectively,thisarticleanalyzesthedifferenceintheapplicationofPolitenessPrincipleincertaincontext,andsummarizethetheoreticalresearchanddevelopmentofPolitenessPrincipleincross-culturalcommunication.Bycomparingthem,peoplecanhaveagoodknowledgeofculturaldifferencesbetweenthemsothattheycanuseinrealcross-culturalcommunication.
Also,thispaperhighlightstheirimportanceandsignificanceincurrentsociety.Nowadays,cross-culturalcommunicationisunceasinglychangingandbecomingricher.TheapplicationofPolitenessPrincipleiskeepingimproving.Inordertoimproveone’sabilityincross-culturalcommunicationandgetthebesteffect,tomasterthekeypointsofthesetwoPolitenessPrinciplesisofgreatsignificance.Thekeypointsaresummarizedaccordingtotheirculturaldifferences.Therefore,whenpeoplecommunicatewithforeigners,theyshouldbeawareoftheirdifferencesinthefirstplace.
PolitenessPrincipleplaysanindispensibleroleincross-culturalcommunication.Therearemanyfailingcasesincross-culturalactivitiesduetolackingofcross-cultureandPolitenessPrinciple.Hence,ifspeakersmasterthePolitenessPrinciplebetweenChineseandEnglish,andtheirculturaldifferencesbetweenthem,itwillbeeasyforthemtohaveasuccessfulcommunicationincross-cultureactivities.
ThepropositionofEnglishandChinesePolitenessPrinciples
Therearefrequentcontactsbetweencountrieswiththedevelopmentoftheworld.Therefore,thecommunicationwithothercountriesisunavoidable.Peoplehavetofollowsomerulesincommunicationiftheywanttogetinformationfromothers.Thefollowingprincipleisthebasiconepeoplehavetofollowiftheywanttogetasuccessfulcommunication.
2.1.TheCo-operativePrinciple
H.P.Grice,theAmericanphilosopher,holdsthat,inmostconversationalexchanges,allspeakers,regardlessoftheirculturalbackground,mustfirstofallbewillingtocooperatewitheachotherandadheretoabasicprincipleguidingtheconductofconversation;
otherwise,itwouldnotbepossibleforthemtocarryonthetalk.ThisgeneralprinciplealltheparticipantsobserveintalkexchangeiscalledtheCo-operativePrinciple.GriceformulatestheCo-operativePrincipleanditsmaximsasfollows:
A.TheMaximsofQuantity:
Givetherightamountofinformation.
a.Makeyourcontributionasinformativeasisrequired.
b.Donotmakeyourcontributionmoreinformativethanisrequired.
B.TheMaximofQuality:
Trytomakeyourcontributiononethatistrue.
a.Donotsaywhatyoubelievetobefalse.
b.Donotsaythatforwhichyoulackadequateevidence.
C.TheMaximsofRelation:
Berelevant.
Makeyourcontributionrelevant.
D.TheMaximofManner:
Beperspicuous.
a.Avoidobscurityofexpression.
b.Avoidambiguity.
b.Bebrief(avoidunnecessaryprolixity)
d.Beorderly.
Whenpeoplespeak,theygenerallyhavesomethinglikeCo-operativePrincipleanditsmaximstoguidethem.Theymusttrytosaysomethingthataretrue,relevant,aswellasinformativeenough,andinaclearmanner.Hearerswillalsotrytointerpretwhatissaidtotheminthisway.
2.2.TheEnglishPolitenessPrinciple.
BasedontheobservationsofCo-operativePrinciple,G.LeechproposesthepolitenessprincipleasasupplementtoCo-operativePrinciple.LeechsaysthattheCooperativePrincipleregulateswhatwesaysothatitcontributestosomeassumedillocutionarygoals;
whilethepolitenessprinciplehelpstomaintainthefriendlyrelationswhichenableustoassumethatourinterlocutorsarecooperativeinthefirstplace.Leechformulateshispolitenessprincipleandhismaximsasfollows:
A.TactMaxim
a.Minimizecosttoothers;
b.Maximizebenefittoothers.
B.GenerosityMaxim.
a.Minimizebenefittoself;
b.Maximizecosttoself.
C.ApprobationMaxim.
a.Minimizedispraiseofothers;
b.Maximizepraiseofother.
D.ModestyMaxim.
a.Minimizepraiseofself;
b.Maximizedispraiseofself.
E.AgreementMaxim.
a.Minimizedisagreementbetweenselfandothers;
b.Maximizeagreementbetweenselfandothers.
F.SympathyMaxim.
a.Minimizeantipathybetweenselfandothers;
b.Maximizesympathybetweenselfandothers
Thesemaximscanhelp
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