耶鲁大学开放课程哲学死亡的26课的英文字幕16Word文档下载推荐.docx
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耶鲁大学开放课程哲学死亡的26课的英文字幕16Word文档下载推荐.docx
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sconceivablethatsomebodycould,atsomelevel,notreallybelievethey'
regoingtodie.ButIalsotakeitthatTolstoymeanstobeputtingforwardmorethanjustaclaimthattherecouldbesuchaperson."
Lookhowbizarreheis.Letmedescribehimforyou."
Butrather,thesuggestionismeanttobethatIvanIlyich'
scaseisrathertypical.Maybeallofusareinhissituation,oratleastmostofusareinhissituation.Or,attheveryleast,manyofusareinhissituation.That'
sastrongerclaim,thoughIthinkit'
snotthesortofclaimthat'
suniquetoTolstoy,thatallofusormostofusormanyofusatthefundamentalleveldon'
treallybelievethatwe'
regoingtodie.
Youmightask,whatkindofevidencecouldbeofferedforthat?
Offeringarealisticscenario,arealisticdescriptionofsuchaperson--IvanIlyich--doesn'
tgiveusanyreasontothinkthatmostofusormanyofusareinhissituation.So,isthereanyreasontothinkthat?
Youmightask,whatkindofargumentcouldbeofferedforaclaimlikethat?
Whatwe'
dbelookingfor,Itakeit,wouldbesomekindofbehavioronourpartthatcallsoutforexplanation.Andthebestexplanationistobehad--Thisishowtheargumentwouldgo.Thebestexplanationistobehadbysupposingthatthosepeoplewhobehavethisway--Let'
ssupposemanyofuswhobehavethisway.Thebestexplanationofthatbehavioristobefoundbyclaimingthatatsomelevel,atsomefundamentallevel,wedon'
treallybelievewhatweclaimtobelieve.Wedon'
treallybelievewhatwegivelipserviceto.
Takesomebodywhoperhapssuffersfromsomesortofcompulsiontowashhishands.Weaskhim,"
Areyourhandsdirty?
"
Hemightsay,"
No,ofcoursenot."
Andyet,thereheis,goingbacktobathroom,washinghishandsagain.Youmightsay,theonlywaytoexplainthebehavioristosaythatatsomelevel,hereallydoesbelievehishandsaredirty,despitethefactthathesaysthey'
renot.Well,inthesameway,ifwecouldfindsomebehavioronourpartthatcallsoutforexplanation,thatthebestpossibleexplanationwouldbethatatsomelevelwedon'
tbelievewe'
regoingtodie,thenwemightsay,look,thisgivesussomereasontothinkthatwedon'
treallybelievewe'
regoingtodie,eventhoughwesaywebelieveit.
Suppose,forexample,thatifyoureallydidbelieve,fundamentally,unconsciously,allthewaydown--howeverweshouldputit--ifyoureallydidbelieveyouweregoingtodie,thehorrorofthatwouldleadyoutostartscreamingandjustkeepscreaming.Ofcourse,thisexampleremindsusagainofIvanIlyich,whoscreamsandscreamsandscreamsalmosttillhisdeath.Well,supposethiswastrue.Supposethatifyou--Supposewebelieved--wehadgoodreasontobelieve--ifyoureallytookseriouslythethoughtthatyouweregoingtodie,youcouldn'
tstopscreaming.Butofcourse,nobodyhereisscreaming,fromwhichwecanconcludenoneofusreallydobelieve,fundamentally,deepdown,thatwe'
regoingtodie.Thatwouldbeagoodargumentifwehadgoodreasontobelievetheconditional,theif-thenclaim.Ifonlyyoureallytrulybelievedyouweregoingtodie,youwouldscreamandscreamandscream.That'
sthecrucialpremise.Andofcourse,wedon'
thaveanygood--asfarasIcansee--wedon'
thaveanygoodreasontobelievethatcrucialpremise.
Youmightaskthough,istheresomeotherbehavior,somethingelsethatshouldtipusoff,couldtipusoff,astowhetherornotwereallydoordon'
tbelievethatwe'
regoingtodie?
Well,here'
sthebestthatIcando.Thisstrikesmeasthemostplausiblecontenderforanargumentlikethis.Asweknow,therearepeoplewhohavebrusheswithdeath.Theymightbe,forexample,inanaccident,andcomeclosetobeingkilled,butwalkawaywithoutascratch.Orsufferaheartattackandbeontheoperatingtableforsomenumberofhoursandthen,thankstocardiacsurgeryorwhathaveyou,beresuscitated.Whenpeoplehavethesenearbrusheswithdeath,it'
seasytobelievethatthefactoftheirmortalityismorevivid.It'
smorebeforetheirmind'
seye.It'
ssomethingthattheynowreallytrulydobelieve.Andtheinterestingpointismanypeoplewhohavethissortofexperience,forwhomtheirmortalityhasbecomevivid,theyoftensay,"
I'
vegottochangemylife.Ineedtospendlesstimeattheofficeandmoretimewithmyfamily,tellingthepeoplethatIlovethatIlovethem,doingthethingsthatareimportanttome,spendlesstimeworryingaboutgettingahead,makingmoney,gettingtheplasmaTV,"
whateveritis.
Let'
ssupposethatthisistrueofallofus,oratleastmostofus.Whenwefindthefactofourmortalityismadevivid,whenwereallytrulycanseethatwe'
remortal,thenwechangeourpriorities,stopgivingallthetimeandattentiontotryingtogetaheadintheratraceandspendmoretimewithourlovedonesdoingwhat'
simportanttous.Supposethatclaimweretrue.Well,armedwiththatclaim,wemightnotice,welllook,ofcourse,mostofusdospendalotoftimetryingtogetahead,tryingtoearnalotofmoney,don'
tspendthebulkofourtimedoingthethingsthatwereallytrulythinkaremostimportanttous,don'
ttellourfriends,don'
ttellourfamilymembershowmuchtheymeantous,howmuchwelovethem.Whatarewetomakeofthatfact?
Well,maybetheexplanationis,althoughwegivelipservicetotheclaimthatwe'
remortal,atsomemorefundamentallevel,wedon'
ttrulybelieveit.Thebelief'
snotvividforus.Wedon'
tbelieveitallthewaydown.
Well,thisisanargument--atleastitseemstome--thathassomechanceofbeingright.I'
mnotatallconvincedthatitisright.Butatleastitdoesn'
tseemtobethesortofargument,unlikesomeoftheargumentsI'
veconsideredlasttimeaboutoh,nobodybelievesthey'
regoingtodiebecauseyoucan'
tpicturebeingdeadorwhathaveyou.Thisargument,Ithink,hassomepossibilityofbeingright.Itdoesseemasthoughpeoplewhohavebrusheswithdeathchangetheirbehaviorinsignificantways.Thefactthatwedon'
tbehaveinthoseotherwaysgivesussomereasontobelievethatperhapsatsomelevelwedon'
tcompletelyorfullyorfundamentallybelievewe'
regoingtodie.AsIsay,I'
mnotsurewhetherthatargument'
sright.Butatleastit'
sanargumentworthtakingseriously.
Letmeturnnowtoadifferentclaimthatsometimesgetsmadeaboutdeath.Thisistheclaim--notthatnobodybelievesthey'
regoingtodie;
that'
stheonewe'
vebeentalkingaboutforthelastlectureorso--butinstead,theclaimthateverybodydiesalone.Thissoundslikeoneofthosedeepinsightsintothenatureofdeath.It'
sgotthatkindofairofprofundityaboutitthatphilosophy'
sthoughttohaveoraspirestohave.Everyonediesalone.Thisistellingussomethingdeepandimportantandinterestingaboutthenatureofdeath.
Now,asithappens,thisisoneI'
mgoingtobecompletelydismissiveof.Ithink,asfarasIcansee,thattheclaim"
wealldiealone,"
howeverweinterpretit,justendsupbeingimplausibleorfalse.IgiveitsuchahardtimeeachtimeIteachthisclass,thatI'
moftentemptedtojustdropitfromthediscussionaltogether.Eventhough,ifyou'
vedonethereadingoftheEdwardspaperthatIassigned,youhaveaseriesofquotesfromEdwardsinwhichpeoplesaythingslike,theydiealone.Isometimescomeawayafterthisdiscussionthinking,"
WhyamIwastingourtime?
Nobodyreallybelievesthis,thatwealldiealone."
LastyearIwasvirtuallyreadytodropitandthen,Ikidyounot,thatveryafternoon,Icameacrossaquote.I'
llsharethiswithyouinasecond.Somebodysaying,"
Oh,wealldiealone."
AndthenIthinkitwastwodayslater,aweeklater,Icameacrossanotherquoteofsomebodysaying,"
Itmademethink,"
Oh,Iguessthisisacommonenoughthought."
Soherearethetwoquotes.ButIthinkonceyoustartlookingforthem,youfindthemeveryplace.ThisfirstoneisfromthefolksingerLoudonWainwrightIII,fromhissongLastManonEarth."
Welearntolivetogetherandthenwediealone."
Wediealone.Interestingclaim.Itseemstosaysomethingimportantaboutthenatureofdeath.Here'
sanotherquote.Thisisfromthechildren'
sbook,EldestbyChristopherPaolini,thesequel,ofcourse,tothebestsellerEragon."
鈥楬owterrible,'
saidEragon,鈥榯odiealone,separate,evenfromtheonewhoisclosesttoyou.'
TheanswergiventoEragon,"
Everyonediesalone,Eragon,whetheryouareakingonabattlefieldoralowlypeasantlyinginbedamongyourfamily,noonecanaccompanyyouintothevoid鈥?
Everyonediesalone.
AsIsay,thisisacommonenoughview.Twoquotes.Icouldcertainlyproduceothers.Everyonediesalone.Thetrick--Thequestionwe'
regoingtoaskis,canwefindsomeinterpretationofthatclaimunderwhich,firstofallitendsupbeingtrue,secondly,itendsupbeinganecessarytruthaboutdeath?
SupposeeveryonehappenstodieonMonday,duetosomecosmiccoincidence.Itmightbesortofinteresting,butitwouldn'
ttellussomethingdeepaboutthenatureofdeath,ifpeopl
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