美国内战与重建美国内战与重建transcript16Word下载.docx
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美国内战与重建美国内战与重建transcript16Word下载.docx
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dbeenaslaveyesterdaybutafreemanby1862,andwhosewhitecommandingofficer,ThomasWentworthHigginsonsaid,"
inanotherland,inanothertime,hecouldcommandanyarmyintheworld."
ThomasWentworthHigginsonwasanabolitionistfromWorcester,Massachusettswhoendedupthecolonelandthecommanderofthatregiment.Nearly1,000freedslaveswererecruitedamongtheroughly35to40,000formerslavesalongtheGeorgian/SouthCarolinaSeaIslands.HigginsonwentontowriteagreatbookaboutitcalledArmyLifeinaBlackRegiment,andamongtheremarkabledescriptionsheleftinthatclassicisthisdescriptionfromThanksgivingDay1862;
soit'
sNovember'
62.ThepreliminaryEmancipationProclamationisinplacebutthefinalEmancipationProclamationhasn'
tquitehappenedyet.Itwasactuallythefirstformally,legally,federallyrecognizedThanksgivingDay;
sodecreedbyAbrahamLincoln.AndHigginsonhadhisheadquartersinanoldplantationhouse.Helookedoutofbrokenwindows,atthisabandonedplantationintheSeaIslands,throughwhathedescribedas"
thegreatavenuesofgreatliveoaks,"
andheobservedthatquote,"
Allthisisauniversalsouthernpanorama,butfiveminuteswalkbeyondthehovelsandtheliveoakswillbringonetosomethingsounsouthernthatthewholesoutherncoastatthismomenttremblesatthesuggestionofsuchathing,acampofaregimentoffreedslaves."
AlmosttwoyearslateroneofthosefreedslavesnamedGeorgeHattonwroteacoupleoflettersfromthefront.GeorgeHattonwasaformerslave.HehadlivedpartofhislifeinWashington,DC,partofhislifeinVirginia,NorthCarolina;
he'
dbeenaround.Hewasatthispoint,byAprilof1864,anon-commissionedsergeantinCompanyC,FirstRegiment,UnitedStatesColoredTroops.TheywereincampNewBern,NorthCarolina,andhesatdowntowritealettertoreflectuponthecircumstancethathefoundhimselfin.Hatton,hisfellowsoldiers,andtheirfamilieshadlivedgenerationsasslaves.Andthisiswhathewrote.Hesays,"
ThoughthegovernmentopenlydeclaredthatitdidnotwanttheNegroesinthisconflict,Ilookaroundmeandseehundredsofcoloredmenarmedandreadytodefendthegovernmentatanymoment.AndsucharemyfeelingsthatIcanonlysaythefettershavefallen,ourbondageisover."
AmonthlaterHatton'
sregimentwasincampnearJamestown,Virginia--andhedidn'
tmisstheironyofbeingatJamestown,thefoundingsiteofVirginia.Andintohislinescameseveralblackfreedwomenwhoalldeclaredtheyhadrecentlybeenseverelywhippedbyamaster.MembersofHatton'
scompanymanagedtocapturethatslaveowner,aMr.Clayton,themanwhohadallegedlyadministeredthebeatingsonthesewomen.ThewhiteVirginianwasstrippedtothewaist.Hewastiedtoatreeandhewasgiven20lashesbyoneofhisownformerslaves,amannamedWilliamHarris,whowasnowamemberoftheUnionArmy.Inturn,eachofthewomenthatClaytonhadbeatenweregiventhewhipandtheirchancetolaythelashonthisslaveholder'
sback."
Thewomenweregivenleave,"
saidSergeantHatton--hiswords--"
toremindhimthattheywerenotlongerhisbutsafelyhousedinAbraham'
sbosomandundertheprotectionoftheStarSpangledBannerandguardedbytheirownpatriotic,thoughoncedowntroddenrace."
InHatton'
sletterheonceagainfeltlostforwordstodescribethetransformationhewaswitnessing."
OhthatIhadthetonguetoexpressmyfeelings,"
hewrote,"
whilestandingonthebanksoftheJamesRiveronthesoilofOldVirginia,themother-stateofslavery,asawitnessofsuchasuddenreverse.Thedayisclear,thefieldsofgrainarebeautifulandthebirdsaresingingsweetmelodioussongswhilepoorMr.Claytoniscryingtohisservantsformercy."
That'
sarevolution,describedinthewordsofaformerslave,wordsthatweretryingtocapturethetransformationsofhistoryatthesametimehisactionsweretryingtotransformhistory.Words.
Now,wewillforeverdebateinthissocietythemeaningoftheEmancipationProclamation.Overandoverandoveragainwedebate:
diditreallyfreeanybody?
Whydiditonlyfreetheslavesinthestatesinrebellion?
WhywasLincolnsobloodylegalisticinthisdocument?
WasRichardHofstadterrightwhenhesaidithadalltheeloquenceofabilloflading(whichmeansagrocerylist)?
Whywasitwrittenlikeitwasalegalbriefincourt,hereandtherelacedwithsomeremarkablephrases?
WhywashesocarefulnottofreetheslavesintheBorderStatesthathadn'
tlefttheunion?
Andonandon.ButIthinkweshouldmakenomistake,theEmancipationProclamationisaterriblyimportantAmericandocument.Emancipationisnotjustthestoryofgreatdocuments,asI'
mtryingtoargue,butthisone'
simportant.
Thesecondparagraphreads--andthisis,bytheway,Lincoln'
sownhandwriting;
thisisafacsimileoftheoriginal;
hewrotesomethreeorfouroriginals--"
thatontheFirstDayofJanuaryinthisyearofOurLord,OneThousandEightHundredandSixty-Three,allpersonsheldasslaveswithinanystateordesignatedpartofastate,thepeoplewhereofshallthenbeinrebellionagainsttheUnitedStates"
--God,isthislegalistic--"
shallbethen"
--thisisnotlegalistic--"
then,thenceforwardandforeverfree.AndtheExecutivegovernmentsofthisUnitedStates,includingthemilitaryandnavalauthoritythereof"
--theArmyandNavyarenowboundtodothisitsays--"
willrecognizeandmaintainthefreedomofsuchpersonsandwilldonoactoractstorepresssuchpersons,oranyofthem,inanyeffortstheymaymakefortheiractualfreedom."
Actualfreedom.Now,yes,itwasalimiteddocument.Itdidn'
tfreeasmanyslavesastheSecondConfiscationActhadlegallyalreadysetinmotion.That'
strue.ButthisisthemostimportantthingtorememberabouttheEmancipationProclamation.Mostblackfolksdidn'
tcareaboutthedetailsofit.WhattheycaredaboutisthattheUnitedStatesGovernmenthadactedandsaidtheyweregoingtobefree.
TherewereatleastfourimmediateandvisibleeffectsoftheProclamation,onceitwentintoeffectonJanuary1.EveryforwardstepoftheUnionarmiesnowwouldbe,whethersomeofthoseofficerslikeditornot,aliberatingstep.Secondly,newsofthisProclamation,whateverthedetailsandthefineprint,wouldspreadlikewildfireacrosstheSouth,anditwouldbringabout--there'
snoquestion--itwillbringaboutincreasedactivity,increasedflight,increasedmovementtowardUnionlinesbyfreedpeople,wheretheycandoit.Andthere'
sallovertherecordwehavetestimonyofConfederatesoldiersthemselves,ofSoutherners,whiteSouthernersthemselvessayingtheyfirstheardabouttheEmancipationProclamationfromtheirslaves.Third,itcommittedtheUnitedStatesGovernmentintheeyesoftheworld--andthat'
sterriblyimportantwhenwerememberthatGreatBritainwasonthevergeofrecognitionoftheConfederacy--moreonthatabitlaterinthecourse,ofhowthatforeignrelationshipandtheproblemofCivilWardiplomacyisbeingmanagedbythetwogovernments,UnionandConfederate.Andfourth,onthesecondpageoftheEmancipationProclamation--orisitthethird--inanotherverylegalisticparagraphLincolnformallyauthorizesonceandforall,althoughit'
salreadybeguntohappen,therecruitmentofblackmenintotheUnionArmiesandNavy,anditauthorizesaformalprocessnowtorecruitblackmentotheUnionuniform.AndbeforethewarwillendabouttenpercentofallUnionforceswillbeAfrican-American--approximately180,000--eightypercentofwhomwereformerslaves,fromtheslavestates.
Now,inthatfallof1862,FrederickDouglassputdownhiscudgelthathe'
dbeenbeatingLincolnwithforayearinhiseditorials--andhebeathimbitterlyattimes.Atonepointinlate'
61hecalledAbrahamLincolnthemostpowerfulslavecatcherintheworld.ThatwasDouglass'
sopinionofthatdenialofasylumpolicywhichsaidfugitiveslavesescapingUnionlineshadtobereturnediftheirownerswereloyal.Douglass,likemanyothers,sawthenonsenseinthatpolicyearlyon.Douglassfinallyputdownthecudgelandhesaid,withlovelyirony,"
Itisreallywonderful,"
saidFrederickDouglass,"
howalleffortstoevade,postponeandpreventitscominghavebeenmockedanddefiedbythestupendoussweepofevents"
;
itscomingmeaningblackfreedom.AndI'
lljustsaylastly,addafifthtothat,emancipationtransformedthepurposeofthewar.EmancipationmorethananythingelsewillmaketheCivilWarawarofconquest,awarofneartotality,onbothsides,anditmeantnow,nowthatthiswasgoingtobeawarofconquestontheSouth'
ssocialandeconomicinstitutions,itmeantitwouldprobablyonlyendinunconditionalsurrender.
Now,it'
sacomplicatedstoryastohowthis'
llbeenforced,ofcourse.AndIstronglyurgeyoutoreadcertainofthoseLincolndocumentsintheJohnsonreader,andmoreimportantly,toreadatleastthatgreatesthitsselectionIprovidedinthereadingpacketofthedocumentsonemancipation;
which,bytheway,comeoutofabookcalledFreeatLast,whichisitselfa500pagecollectionofthegreatesthitsofthedocumentsoftheAmericanemancipation,whicharenowpublishedinfivevolumes,allofwhichareintheNationalArchives.ButoneofthoseLincolndocumentsIdon'
twantyoutomiss,
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