Ways of Developing ParagraphsWord文档下载推荐.docx
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Ways of Developing ParagraphsWord文档下载推荐.docx
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ininfancy;
inadolescence;
asanadult;
inadulthood;
inoldage;
atdeath
simultaneously;
simultaneouswith;
atthesametimeas;
theformer;
thelatter
previous;
previously;
priorto
first;
second;
etc.
inthefirstplace;
inthesecondplace,etc.;
tobeginwithnext;
then;
subsequently;
inthenextplace
inconclusion;
finally;
lastly;
intheend
2.DevelopmentbyProcess
Whenyouhavetoexplainhowsomethingisdone,youusuallyfollowachronologicalsequenceandgiveastep-by-stepdescription.Asthestepsmustoccuroneafteranother,theexactorderinwhichtheyarecarriedoutismostimportant.Ingivinginstructions,imperativesentencesandsentenceswiththeindefinitepronounyouasthesubjectareoftenused.Thepresenttenseshouldbeusediftheinstructionsarestillapplicable.
*Theexpressionsoftenusedinwritingprocessdescriptions:
occurbeforeatthispoint
becomeuntilatthesametime
happenwhilebymeansof
growasthroughtheuseof
takeplaceonce
becarriedoutthen
changeintoassoonas
3.DevelopmentbySpace
Beforewebegintodescribeaplace,whetheritisalargecountryorasmallroom,wehavetodecideontheorderinwhichtonamethedifferentpartsordetails.Forthisweshouldfindoutthespacerelationshipsbetweenthemandarrangeourdescriptionaccordingly.Itwouldonlyconfusethereadertomentiontheminahaphazard(随意的)way.
*Theexpressionsfordescribingspatialrelationships:
where
inwhich;
towhich;
fromwhich;
under;
over;
inside;
beside;
ontopof;
along;
through;
asfaras;
north;
northern;
south;
southern;
totheleft;
totheright;
tothenorth;
infront;
attheback;
inthemiddle;
adjacent(邻近的)parallelrectangle(长方形)
correspondingtoparalleltosemicircle(半圆)
distance(垂直于)perpendiculartoslope
midpointplane(平面)space
interioroppositesurface
diagonal(对角线)overlapping(重叠)vertical(垂直的)
edge(边缘)pyramidhorizontal(水平的)
limit(界限)exteriorintersection(十字路口、交叉点)
4.DevelopmentbyExampleorGeneralization
Supportingatopicsentencewithexamplesorillustrationsmakesageneralstatementspecificandeasytounderstand.Anillustrationisacase(案例),aspecimen(样本),aninstance(实例).Vividillustrationslightupabstractideasandmakethemclear,interesting,memorable(难忘的),orconvincing.
Illustrationsmaybeasingleexampleoraseriesofexamples.
*Theexpressionsformakinggeneralizationsandgivingspecificdetails:
forexampleforinstanceforonething
toillustrateinoneinstanceinotherwords
asfollowsletmeillustrateletmeciteasproof
insubstantiationtosubstantiateasanillustration
inoneinstanceinthisinstanceasanexample
inpracticeaccordingtostatisticsaccordingtostatisticalevidencetake______forexampleconsider______forexample
generallygenerallyspeakingonthewhole
alleveryneveralways
Thefollowingparagraph,whichismainlydescriptive,containsmanydetails.Itstartswithatopicsentence.Thendetailsaregiventobackuptheopeningstatement.Thisisthegeneral-to-specificpattern.
Anotherpossiblearrangementofdetails(orexamples)inaparagraphisfromthespecifictothegeneral.Thedetailsarementionedfirst,andthegeneralstatement,whichmaybethetopicsentence,comesattheendoftheparagraph,summarizingthemainideaoftheparagraph.
Detailsorexamplesareusuallyarrangedinclimactic(高潮渐进的)order:
theleastimportantcomesfirst,followedbyothersinorderofincreasingimportance.
Suchaclimacticsequenceisfollowedinparagraphsdevelopednotonlybydetailsorexamplesbutalsobycomparisonandcontrast,bycauseandeffect,etc.
5.DevelopmentbyComparisonandContrast
Bycomparingandcontrastingwemaygetaclearerpictureofthings.
Strictlyspeaking,acomparisonpointsoutthesimilaritiesbetweentwoormorepersonsorthingsofthesameclass,whileacontrast,thedifferencesbetweenthem.
*Thefollowingexpressionsoftenusedinmakingcomparisonandcontrast:
ToCompare:
similartoatthesamerateassimilarlyas
like,alikejustaslikewiseinlikemanner
resemblecommoncharacteristics,etc.
resemblancetobeparallelin______
correspondtointhesamewaycorrespondingly
almostthesameasbothtohave______incommon
ToContrast:
differfromincontrasttohoweverunlikeonthecontraryinoppositiontootherwisestill
ontheotherhandontheoppositesideneverthelessevenso
lessthandifferentfrommorethanalthough
fasterthan,etc.whilebut
alarger(smaller)percentagethan
6.DevelopmentbyCauseandEffect
Therearetwobasicwaysoforganizingparagraphsdevelopedbycauseandeffect.
Thefirstmethodistostateaneffectanddevotetherestoftheparagraphtoexaminingthecauses.Thesecondmethodistostateacauseandthenmentionorpredicttheeffects.
*Thefollowingexpressionsfordiscussingcauseandeffect:
soconsequentlyaccordinglybecauseof
thusthereforeforthisreasonasaresult
sinceowingtohencebecause
dueto
asasaresultoftheresultofresultin
sothatso______thattheeffectofthanksto
outofhaveaneffectonowe______totheconsequenceof
thecauseofthereasonforItfollowsthat
nowthatseeingthatforfearthat
such______thatsoas_______tomake______possible
makeitpossible/impossiblefor______to______
7.DevelopmentbyClassification
Toclassifyistosortthingsintocategoriesaccordingtotheircharacteristics.Wegroupthingsaccordingtotheirsimilaritiesanddifferences.
*Thefollowingexpressionsforclassification:
mainkindsofunimportantinsignificantbasickinds
majorkindsofsimilardissimilarfundamental
significantcontradictoryimportantopposing
minorcontrastingoppositeprimary,secondary
classifyclearlydistinguishableeasilydistinguished
divideincontestabledifferencesincontestablesimilarities
kindstypesattributesmethods
factorssourcescategoriescharacteristics
partsregionsdivisionsorigins
erasbasestimesclasses
qualitiesaspectsclassifications
mutuallyexclusive(互相排斥的)
accordingto______withrespectto______(关于,至于)
______fallsinto______categories
______canbedividedinto______classes
8.DevelopmentbyDefinition
Sometimes,toavoidconfusionormisunderstanding,wehavetodefineaword,term,orconceptwhichisunfamiliartomostreadersoropentovariousinterpretations.
Therearethreebasicwaystodefineawordorterm:
togiveasynonym,touseasentence(oftenwithanattributiveclause),andtowriteaparagraphorevenanessay.
Whenwegiveadefinition,weshouldobservecertainprinciples.
First,weshouldavoidcirculardefinitions.
Second,weshouldavoidlonglistsofsynonymsifthetermtobedefinedisanabstractone.
Third,weshouldavoidloadeddefinitions.
Thefollowingexpressionsfordefinition:
todefinetoexplainindefinitioninexplanation
inotherwordstoclarifytoparaphraseinclarification
by___ismeant
formaspectspeciescharacteristic
classmethoddeviceproperty
typeconditionkindattribute
category
9.DevelopmentbyaCombinationofMethods
Wehavediscussedquiteafewmethodsfordevelopingparagraphs.Sometimesonlyoneofthemisusedinaparagraph,butoftentwoorthreeofthemareusedinthesameparagraph.Writersmayfinditnecessarytouseacombinationofmethodsinordertopresenttheirideasinanimpressiveandconvincingmanner.
Exercises
Ⅳ.ChronologicalOrder
1.Studythefollowingexpressionsoftenusedindescribingchronologicalrelations:
nowadays
when;
between______and______
in_____(year)
since_____
attheturnofthecentury(decade)etc.
inthefirsthalfofthecentury,etc.
inthe1900'
2.Combinethepairsofsentencesusingoneofthefollowingwords.Insomecasestheverbformhastobechanged.
after;
when
(1)Don'
ttalk.Sheissinging.
(2)Thisformofcrimeceased.Thelawwaspassed.
(3)Themanfellasleepintheauditorium.Thelecturerspokeaboutavoidingboringtopics.
(4)Tomwasleavingtheroom.Hebroughtsomewatertohissister.
(5)Thetraindeparted.Wereachedthestation.
(6)Shefelldown.Shewasgettingoffthebus.
3.Putthefollowingwordsintheblanks.
as;
after
Frankwasdefinitelynotexpectinganyvisi
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