定语从句小结讲解.docx
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定语从句小结讲解.docx
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定语从句小结讲解
《定语从句小结》
一.定语是限定修饰名词或代词的。
二.除形容词外,还有名词、代词、数词、冠词、介词短语或相当于形容词的词或短语等。
(1)awhitewall(冠词、形容词)
(2)ourclassroom(代词)
(3)fiveboys(数词)
(4)aboyschool(名词)
注意:
特殊manwoman这两个名词作定语时,单复数要随后面的名词而定。
如:
amandoctor,twomendoctors
awomanscientist,threewomenscientists
Therearewomenpoliceofficers,womendoctors,teachers,engineers,farmersandsoon.
(5)Themaninthetreecamedown..(介词短语)
(6)Ihavesomethingtotellyou.(不定式)
(7)arunningmachine(现在分词)
(8)apollutedriver(过去分词)
(9)areadingroom(动名词)
(10)定语从句:
在复合句中,限定修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。
Aplaneisamachine
canfly.
(先行词)关系代词(主语,不能省)
定语从句所修饰的名词叫先行词。
引导定语从句的词有关系代词that,which,who(宾格whom,所有格whose)和关系副词where,when,why。
关系代词或关系副词放在先行词和定语从句之间,起联系作用,同时又作定语从句的一个成分。
区别:
Thefact/thathehadnotsaidanything/surprisedeverybody.
Thefact/thatwetalkedabout/isveryimportant.
(一)关系代词的用法:
1.that主要指物,有时也指人,在定语从句中作主语或宾语。
作主语不能省,作宾语可以省。
(1)Thenoodles/thatwereonthetable/weredelicious.(主语,指物)
(2)Whoistheman/thatisreadingthenewspaperoverthere?
/
(主语,指人)
(3)Thatisthebesthotel/(that)Iknow./(宾语,指物)
2.which只能指物,在定语从句中作主语或宾语。
作主语不能省,作宾语可以省。
(1)Achemist'sshopisashop/whichsellsmedicine./(主语)
(2)Thefilm/(which)wesawlastnight/iswonderful.(宾语)
3.who,whom,whose指人,在从句中分别作主语、宾语或定语.whom作宾语可以省。
(1)Theboy/whobrokethewindow/iscalledTom.(主语)
(2)Thegirl/whomwesawyesterday/isJim'ssister.(宾语)
(3)WeiFangisthestudent/whosehousecaughtfirelastweek./(定语)
(4)Iliveinaroom/whose(指物,特殊)windowopenstothesouth./(定语)
(二)
介词+
介词的选择要根据定语从句中有关动词的固定搭配。
(先行词)
(1)Thepencil/withwhichhewaswriting/broke.
(2)Theperson/towhomIspokejustnow/isthemanager/(whom)Itoldyouabout./
(3)WuDong,withwhomIwenttotheconcert,enjoyeditverymuch.
(4)TheoldOlympicGames/fromwhichthemoderngamescame/beganaroundtheyear776BCinGreece.
练习:
(1)LastspringwevisitedtheWestLake,Hangzhouisfamousintheworld.
(2)Whereistheshirtyoupaid20US$?
(3)Chinahashundredsofislands,thelargestisTaiwan.(如果","改为"."则填)
(4)Shehadasonandtwodaughters,
servedinthearmy.(如果","改为".",则填)
(5)CanyounametheprovincestheYangtzeRiverflows.?
(6)TheywereheldinGreece—thecountrytheGameswereborn.
(7)Theapples,halfhavegonebad,areinabasket.
学习短语介词+关系代词引导的定语从句:
(1)Heworksinamiddleschool.Infrontofitthereisariver.
合并:
Heworksinamiddleschool,infrontofwhichthereisariver.
(2)Thesoldierrantothebuilding.Onthetopofitflewaflag.
合并:
(3)Intheeveningtheyarrivedatahill.Atthefootofthehilltherewasatemple.
合并:
(三)关系副词的用法:
1.when指时间,在定语从句中作时间状语。
(1)Istillremembertheday.IfirstcametoBeijingonthatday
主谓宾主谓地点状语时间状语
=Istillremembertheday/whenIfirstcametoBeijing./
(2)I'llneverforgettheday/whenIjoinedthePLA./
(3)Doyourememberoneafternoontenyearsago/whenIcametoyourhouseandborroweddiamondnecklace?
/
(4)Thedate/whenLincolnwasborn/was1860.
(5)Doyouknowthedate/whenLincoln
(6)Thisisthetime/whenyouhaveanEnglishlesson./
注意:
(1)October1,1998wasthedaythat/whichI'llneverforget(v.t)./
(2)I'llneverforgetthedays/
Ispent(v.t)inBeijing./
在以上两句中,尽管先行词是表时间的名词,但它在定语从句中作宾语,
所以不能用when,而要用that/which,且可以省略。
2.where指地点,在定语从句中做地点状语。
(1)Thisisthecompany.Myfatherworkedthere3yearsago.
主系表主谓地点状语时间状语
=Thisisthecompany/wheremyfatherworked3yearsago./
(2)Thisisthehouse.Ilivedinthehouse2yearsago.
=Thisisthehouse/whereIlived2yearsago./
(3)合并:
Thefactoryisinthewestofthecity.
Hisfatherworksthere.
Thefactory/wherehisfatherworks/isinthewestofthecity.
(4)Thisisthetheatre/whereLincolnwasshot./
(5)Thisistheseat/whereLiMingsits./
(6)HewenttoCanada/wherehewroteaboutmusicforanewspaper./
(7)Thisistheroom
注意:
(1)Thisistheplace/(which/that)theyusedtovisit.(v.t.)/
where(错)
(2)Tianjinistheplace/whereIspentmychildhood./
that/which(错)
(3)HungerwasonlyoneoftheproblemsintheAfricancountries/(that/which)hevisited.(v.t)/
(4)Itmustbeaplace/(that/which)itsenemycannotfind.(v.t.)/
where/inwhich(错)
(5)Thehouse/(which/that)youarelookingfor/isattheotherendof
where(错)
thestreet.
(6)HelivesinDeliville,whichisonlyaboutanhour'sridefromhere.
(7)Thepotatocanbegrowninplaces/whereitistoocoldtogrowrice./如果把inplaces括起来,where引导什么从句?
(8)Well,manypeopletravelbecausetheywanttoseeothercountriesandvisitplaces/thatarefamous,interestingorbeautiful./
(9)Thegarden/thatwasoncesobeautiful/wascompletelydestroyed,sweptawaybythewild(狂野的)water.
(10)Theymakemethinkofthehappydays/(that/which)wespenttogether./
(11)Thehouse/whereheoncelived/hasbeenturnedintoamuseumandisvisitedbythousandsofpeopleeveryyear.
(12)Itisaworldofmagicandwonders,aworld/whereanythingcanhappen./
这个魔法世界里充满了神奇,什么事情都可以发生。
(13)Heisgettingoldandthinkofthetime/whenhewasyoung./
他上岁数了,经常想到年轻时的岁月。
(14)Iwalkedintotheroom/wherethreepeoplewerewaitingtointerviewme./
3.why指原因,在定语从句中作原因状语。
(1)Thereason/whyhecouldnotgothere/wasthathisgradesweretoolow.
(2)Whatwasthereason/whyMalcolmstudiedlaw?
/
(3)Yetthereareotherreasons/whypeopletravel./
(4)I'dliketoknowthereason/whyyouchangedtheplan.(或whyyouarelate.)/
(5)Doyouknowthereason
(6)Thereason/whyPeterissohappy/isthathepassedtheexam.
(四)非限制性定语从句:
对所修饰的词没有限制词义的作用,而只是补充一些说明,通常都有一个逗号把它和句子的其他部分分开,在译成中文时,这个从句多译成一个并列句。
限制性定语从句拿掉以后,句子意思发生变化,甚至不能成立,而非限制性定语从句拿掉以后对剩下的部分没有太大影响。
注意:
非限制性定语从句:
(1)在修饰物时,只能用which,不能用that.
(2)作宾语的关系代词不可以省略。
(1)Shesanganewsong,whichwelikeverymuch.
(2)Hismother,whomheloveddearly,diedin1818.
(3)Thebook,whichhas110,000characters(汉字),isaboutbothfarmingandgardening.
(4)
(5)
(6)ShelookedatJeff,whowaswavinghisarms.
(7)Treeaftertreewentdown,cutdownbythewater,whichmusthavebeenthreemetresdeep.
(8)Aftergraduating,shewenttoNewYork,whereshestartedworkingasanactressandwontheTheaterWorldAwardforherroleinaplay.
(9)Dinnerstartswithasmalldish,whichisoftencalledastarter.
正餐以一道小菜开始,这道菜常称为开胃菜。
(10)Vitamins,whichwecangetfromeatingvegetables,fruit,fishanddrinkingmilk,helpourbodyfightdisease.
我们可以吃蔬菜、水果、鱼及喝牛奶,从中吸取各种维它命,它们能帮助机体战胜疾病。
(五)一般只能用that引导的定语从句。
1.先行词前有形容词最高级或有thefirst,thelast修饰时。
①Thisisoneofthemostexcitingfootballgames/(that)Ihaveeverseen./
②Hewasthefirstman/thatcame./
2.先行词与theonly,thevery,any,no等连用时。
①Cornwasnottheonlyfood/thatwastakentoEurope./
②Youcantakeanybook/(that)youlikebest./
③MrSmithistheveryperson/thatcanhelpus./
注意:
very用作形容词时,常与the,this,that,my等连用:
"恰好""正是"。
①Thisistheverybook/(that)Iwanted./这正是我要的书。
②Youaretheveryperson/(that)I'mlookingfor./
③ButDrLivelywasgoingtotalkonthatverysubjecttoday.
④Hetookitfrommeundermyverynose.他竟然当着我的面把这个拿走。
3.先行词本身为all,everything,nothing,anything,much,few,little等不定代词时。
(只有something除外)
①Hewrotedowneverything/(that)hedidn'tunderstand./
②Shedidall/shecould/tohelphim.
③Wewillnotletourhistoryandculturebedestroyed,andwewilldoeverything/wecan/tosaveourcity.
☆④Ididwhat/Icould/tocalmher.
(=thethingwhich)
Now,theleaderhasaskedagroupofstudentstodowhat/theycan/tosavetheearth.
4.先行词既包含人又包含物时。
Theytalkedaboutthepeopleandthings/(that)theysawontheirwaytoschool./
5.有时在who的后面,为了音调和谐和避免与who重复。
Whoistheman/thatissittingbythewindow?
/
6.在定语从句中作表语时用that。
Heisn'ttheman/thatheusedtobe./
(六)as作为关系代词,引导的非限制性或限制性定语从句。
(A)as作为关系代词引导的非限制性定语从句,一定有一个逗号。
此时as的先行词不是一个名词,而是代表整个主句的意思。
先译主句,然后说“这一点…”如:
①Thiselephantislikeasnake,asanybodycansee.
这只大象像条蛇,这一点任何人都能看到。
此句中的asanybodycansee是一个由关系代词as引导的非限制性定语从句,as在定语从句中作see的宾语,as的先行词不是一个名词,而是主句所表达的整个内容。
又如:
②Heisgoodatmaths,asweallknow.
③Asweknownow,heavyobjectsandlightobjectsfallatthesamespeedunlessairholdsthemback.
④Aswehaveseen,oceanscovermorethan70percentoftheearth.
⑤Airisagas,asweallknow.
Asweallknow,airisagas.
Air,asweallknow,isagas.
类似的表达法还有:
asyouknow,asisknowntoall,asyousee,
ascanbeseen,ashasbeenpointedout,
asisnatural,asisoftenthecase情况常是如此。
asoftenhappens这情况常发生asmightbeexpected这是可能预料的。
①iswellknown,LuXunwasaChinesewriter.
②Thenumberofthepeople,wehadexpected,waswellover30,000.
③
④2001年高考题
isknowntoeverybody,themoontravelsroundtheearthonceeverymonth.
A.ItB.AsC.ThatD.What
☆用which引导时,与"as"的共同点:
①都是关系代词引导的非限制性定语从句。
②他们的先行词都不是一个名词,而是整个主句的意思。
译成汉语时,译成"这一点"。
区别是:
①which引导的从句不在句首。
②内含因果关系。
①Theyarehollow,whichmakesthemverylight.
竹子是中空的,这一点使得它们非常轻。
②Itrainedheavily,whichpreventedmygoingout.
③Theclockstruckthirteen,whichmadeeverybodylaugh.
④Whentheyareburnt,newgasesareformed,whichcausesthetemperatureoftheairaroundtheentireearthtorise.
⑤1999年高考题(19题)
CarolsaidtheworkwouldbedonebyOctober,personallyIdoubtverymuch.
A.itB.thatC.whenD.which
⑥2000年高考题(17题)
Dorothywasalwaysspeakinghighlyofherroleintheplay,,ofcourse,madetheothersunhappy.
A.whoB.whichC.thisD.what
⑦Hecameearly,wasoftenthecase.他经常早到。
⑧Thesunheatstheearth,isveryimportanttolivingthings.
⑨weknow,waterisacompound(
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