国际商务英语复习笔记docWord文档下载推荐.docx
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国际商务英语复习笔记docWord文档下载推荐.docx
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5).someAsiancountries;
6).SouthAfrica,Libya,NigeriaandAlgeria;
C.L:
annualpercapitaincomeof$765andbelow;
1).mostAfricancountries;
2).someAsiancountries;
3).afewLatinAmericancountries;
1.4TriadandQuada.Triad:
US,WesternEuropeandJapanb.Quad:
TriadandCanada1.5otherimportantmarketsforChinatheFourTigers,theASEANcountries,Russia,IndiaandAustraliaL3RegionalEconomicIntegration1商务知识A.majorobjectivesofregionalintegrationTobetterenjoythebenefitoffreeflowofgoods,services,capital,laborandotherresources.B.Fourlevelsofregionaleconomicintegration1)freetradeareaAbsencetradebarriers;
theNorthAmericanFreeTradeAgreement(NAFTA,formedbyUS,CanadaandMexico);
2)customsunionabsencetradebarriers;
practiceofcommonexternalpolicy;
SouthernConeCustomsUnion(Mercosur,formedbyArgentina,Brazil,ParaguayandUruguayin1991);
3)commonmarketabsencetradebarriers;
freeproductionfactormobility;
theEuropeanCommunity(1967-1994,becameatruecommonmarketin1992);
4)economicunionabsencetradebarriers;
integrationofthedomesticpolicies;
EuropeanUnion;
C.EuropeanUnion(EU)1.1historytheEuropeanCoalandSteelCommunity(ECSC,1952);
theTreatyofRome(1957,signedbyFrance,Germany,ItalyandtheBeneluxcountries);
theEuropeanEconomicCommunity(EEC,1957967);
theEuropeanAtomicEnergyCommunity(EURATOM,1957-1967);
theEuropeanCommunity(formedbymergingECSC,EECandEURATOM,1967-1994);
theSingleEuropeanAct(1992);
theMaastrichtTreaty(1994);
theEuropeanUnion(1994-);
1.2structuretheEuropeanCommission(executivebody);
theCouncilofMinisters(decisionmaking);
theEuropeanParliament(membershipapplicationandtradeagreementapproval);
D.Asia-PacificEconomicCooperation(APEC,has21members)A.theSeoulDeclaration(1991);
B.afive-layerorganizationalstructure:
theInformalMeetingofEconomicLeaders(China,2001);
theDual-MinisterialMeeting;
theMeetingforMinistersResponsibleforTrade;
theSeniorOfficialsMeeting(SOM);
CommitteeofTradeandInvestment,EconomicCommittee,EconomicandTechnicalCooperationSubcommitteeofSOM,andBudgetManagementCommittee(foursubordinatecommitteesunderSOM);
C.objectives:
tradeandinvestmentliberationandfacilitation(TILF)andeconomicandtechnicalcooperation(ECOTECH);
E.OrganizationofPetroleumExportingCountries(OPEC,13members,1960,Vienna)L4EconomicGlobalization1.商务知识A.economicglobalizationasanobjectivetrenda.basicfeature:
freeflowofcommodity,capital,technology,service,andinformationintheglobalcontextforoptimizedallocation;
b.advantagesandnegativeimpacts1.1advantages:
1).givingnewimpetusandprovidingopportunitiestoworldeconomicdevelopment;
2),makingthevariouseconomiesmoreandmoreinterdependentandinteractive;
1.2disadvantage:
makingcountriesmorevulnerabletotheadverseeventsacrosstheglobe;
B.multinationalcorporationsA.organization:
parentMNCandaffiliateMNCB.characteristics:
1).enormoussize;
2).widegeographicalspread;
3).longevityandrapidgrowth;
C.twobasicneeds:
profitandsecurity;
D.roles:
asvehiclesforcross-bordertransferofresources;
E.fourtypesA.multi-domesticcorporation(decentralized);
B.globalcorporation(powerandresponsibilityconcentratedattheheadquarters);
C.transnationalcorporation(integratedinanindependentnetworkofaffiliates);
D.worldcompany(internationalized)L5InternationalTrade
(1)1.商务知识A.thedefintionofinternationaltradetheexchageofgoodsandservicesproducedinonecountrywiththoseproducedinanoothe匸B.tworeasonsforinternationaltradea.theunevendistributionofnaturalresourcesamongcountriesb.internationalspecializationC.twotheoriesforinternationalspecializationA.thetheoryofabsoluteadvantageacommoditywillbeproducedinthecountrywhereitcostsleastintermsofresources.B.thetheoryofcomparativeadvantage1.1contentsofthetheoryevenifacountryislessefficientthananotherintheproductionofbothcommodities,thereisstillabasisformutuallybeneficialtrade.1.2notastaticconceptAcountrymaydevelopaparticularcomparativeadvantagepurelythroughitsownactions.1.3thecornerstoneofmodemthinkingoninternationaltrade1.4DavidRicardo,theeconomistwhointroducedthetheoryL6InternationalTrade
(2)1.商务知识1)otherbasesfortradeamongcountriesA.patternsofdemandB.economyofscaleC.innovationorstyle2)thereasonswhycompletespecializtionmayneveroccurA.strategicordomesticreasonsB.transportcostC.protectionistmeasures3)tariffbarriersthemostcommonformoftraderestrictionataxleviedonacommoditywhenitcrossestheboundaryofacustomsarea.A.exportduty(taxleviedongoodsleavinganarea)B.importduty(taxleviedongoodsenteringanarea)A.specificdutyB.advaloremdutyC.compounddutyC.drawback:
dutiespaidonimportedgoodsthatarereturnedifthegoodsarereexported.D.MFNtreatment:
atarifftreatmentunderwhichacountryisrequiredtoextendtoallsignatoriesanytariffconcessionsgrantedtoanyparticipatingcountry.4)quotasthemostcommonformofnon-tariffbarriersinquantityorvalumeterms,onacountryorglobalbasis,unilaterallyorbenegotiatedonvoluntarybasis5)invisibletrade1.1transportationserviceacrossnationalboundariesmaritimeshipsisthemostimportantmeans(GreeceandNorwayhavelargemaritimefleets)1.2insurance(LloydsofLondonisaleadingexporterofthisservice)1.3tourism1.4immigrantremittance:
themoneysentbacktohomecountriesbypeopleworkinginaforeignlandL7Incoterms20001.商务知识A.theneseeityandpurposeofhavingIncotermsA.toeliminateanyofmisunderstandingandsubsequentdispute;
B.toprovideasetofinternationalrulesfortheinterpretationofthemostcommonlyusedtradetermsinforeigntrade.B.thereasonsforthe2000revisionofIncotermsA.spreadofcustoms-freezonesB.changesintransportationpracticesC.increaseduseofelectroniccommunicationC.thefourgroupsofInsotermsa.GroupE:
thesellermakesthegoodsavailabletothebuyeratthesellersownpremises;
EXW(ExWorks);
b.GroupF:
theselleriscalledupontodeliverthegoodstocarrierappoinedbythebuyer;
FCA(Freecarrier);
FAS(FreeAlongsideShip);
FOB(FreeOnBoard);
c.GroupC:
thesellerhastocontractforcarriage,butwithoutassumingtheriskoflossordamagetothegoodsoradditionalcostsduetoeventsoccurringaftershipmentanddispatch;
CFR(CostandFreight);
CIF(Cost,InsuranceandFreight);
CPT(CarriagePaidTo);
CIP(CarriageandInsurancePaidto);
d.GroupD:
thesellerhasbearallcostsandrisksneededtobringthegoodstothecountryofdestination;
DAF(DeliveredAtFrontier);
DES(DeliveredExShip);
DEQ(DeliveredExQuay);
DDU(DeliveredDutyUnpaid);
DDP(DeliveredDutyPaid)D.thethreemostcommonlyusedterms1.FOB(freeonboard)2.CFR(costandfreight)3.CIF(cost,insuranceandfreight)E.chandgestosomeareasthecustomsclearanceandpaymentofdutyobligationsunderFASandDEQ;
theloadingandunloadingobligationsunderFCA;
L8BusinessContract1.商务知识A.thedefinitionofthecontractanagreementwhichsetsforthbindingobligationsoftherelevantparties.B.twotypesofbusinessnegotiation:
oralandwrittenC.processofnegotiationandconclusionofthecontractA.inquiry(enquiry)afirstenquiryshouldcontent:
1).howthenameandaddressoftheexporterhavebeenabtained;
2).thebusinesslineandusualpracticeoftheimporter;
B.quotationafirmoffershouldmadeof:
1).thetimeofshipmentandthemodeofpaymentdesired;
2).anexactdescriptionofthegoods;
3).thevalidityperiod;
C.offerandacceptanceD.counter-offeracounter-offermaybemadeinrelationto:
1).price;
2).termsofpayment;
3).timeofshipment;
or4).othertermsandconditionsoftheoffer;
D.thenecessityofthewrittencontract:
1).astheproofoftheagreement;
2).asthebasisforitsexecution.E.thetypesofcontracts1.1salescontract1.2purchasecontract1.3sales(orpurchase)confirmation(lessdetailedthanacontract)F.thesettingofacontractA.thetitle:
1).thetypeofthecontract;
2).thenumberofthecontract;
3).thedate;
B.thecontractproperA.thenameandaddressofthebuyerandthesellerB.thedetailsofthecommoditytransactionC.thetermsandconditionsmutuallyagreedD.indica
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