中国历史朝代讲义Word格式.docx

中国历史朝代讲义Word格式.docx

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horse-drawnchariotswithspoke 

wheels. 

PeopleinChinaused 

jade 

（agreenstone）forjewelryanddecoration.

Peoplehadalreadybeguntodivideupintotherichandthepoor.Weknowthatsomepeoplewere 

slaves 

undertheShangDynasty.Manymenwereintheking'

sarmies.

ButfinallytheZhou 

conqueredthem.

WesternZhouDynasty（西）周朝

TheZhoulaunchedanattackagainstthe 

ShangDynastyabout 

1100BC 

（thetraditionaldateis1122 

BC）.TheZhousaidthatthereasontheywereabletoconquertheShangwasthat 

Heaven 

wasontheirside.AccordingtoChinesestories,backedupinsomepointsby 

oraclebones,thefirstreallyindependentkingoftheZhouDynastywasKingWu.Accordingtothestories,KingWuledabigarmywithchariotsdownthesouthbankoftheYellowRiver.In1046BCKingWucrossedtheYellowRiverandconqueredtheShangDynastyattheBattleofMuye.ManyoftheShangsoldierswentovertoKingWu'

sside,becausetheShangemperor,DiXin（KingZhou）,wasunpopular.

HistorianscallthefirstperiodofZhouruletheWesternZhou,becauseatthistimetheZhouonlyruledthewesternpartofmodernChina.Chinawasdividedupintoabout200littlekingdoms,andtheneachofthesekingswasundertheZhouemperor.Undereachkingwerelesserlords,andtheselordsgaveoutlandtoindividualfarmers.Inexchange,thelordscollectedsomeofthefoodas 

taxes.ThisiscalledtheSystemofEnfeoffment（FenFengZhi）.

DuringtheWesternZhoudynasty,theemperorsruledfromgreatwalledcitieslikethoseofthe 

ShangDynasty.WesternZhouemperorsreliedonbigstrongarmiestostayinpower.

Weknowfrom 

stories 

andsongswrittendownatthistimethatthesepalaceswerebuiltmainlyofbigwoodenbeams.TheZhouemperorsmadelawsabouthowfancyyourhousecouldbe.Onlytheemperorswereallowedtohaveartistscarvetheirpillarsandpaintthemred.Onlytheveryrichestfamiliescouldpainttheirpillarsblack.Peoplewhowerenotsorichpaintedtheirpillarsyellow.Butmostpeopleweretoopoortohaveanypillarsatallintheirhouse.

EasternZhou东周

In771 

BC, 

skillfulfighters 

fromthenorthwestinvadedChina;

theymayhavebeentheancestorsofthe 

Huns.TheseCentralAsianshadfiguredouthowtoride 

horses 

inwar,andwantedtousetheirnew 

cavalry 

toconquernorthernChina.TheZhou 

emperors 

retreatedandmadeanewcapitalatLuoyang,furthereast.SothisperiodiscalledtheEasternZhou.

PeoplecallthefirstthreehundredyearsoftheEasternZhouperiodtheSpringandAutumnperiodbecauseitwasagoodtimeforChina.Many 

philosophers,like 

Confucius 

Lao-Tzu,wereworkinginChinaatthistime.Tool-makersinChinalearnedhowtouse 

iron 

tomaketoolsatthistime.

Butironalsomadegoodweapons,andthe200littlestatesbegantofighteachotherallthetime.Theperiodfrom 

481to221BC 

iscalledtheWarringStatesperiod.

Itwasaperiodofgreatdisorder.Thereweremanykingdomswhichfoughteachotheroverland,power,treasureandhonor.Evenifthisperiodwasfraughtwithchaosandbloodybattles,itisalsoknownastheGoldenAgeofChinesephilosophybecauseabroadrangeofthoughtsandideasweredevelopedanddiscussedfreely.

Byabout300 

BC,therewereonlysevenbigstatesleft.Soonafterthat,in256BC,theZhouemperorslostpower,andtheonlyrulersofChinawerethe 

kings 

ofthesevenstates.ThesekingsfoughtamongthemselvesuntilthekingofQin,thestrongeststate,succeededinmakinghimselfemperorandestablishedthe 

QinDynasty.

QinDynasty秦朝

TheQinDynastyistheonewhichgaveitsnametoChina.ThefirstQinemperor,in 

221BC,wasQinShiHuang.Hestartedoutasthe 

king 

ofasmallerstate,buthewasabletoforcealltheotherstatestoaccepthisruletoo,sothenhebecamethe 

emperor 

ofallChina.Toshowthathewastheemperor,andmoreimportantthantheotherkings,hebuilt 

bigpalaces 

andhadveryelaboratecourtceremoniesinhiscapitalcityofXianyang.And,toshowthatChinawasalloneempirenow,Qinmadeeveryoneusethesame 

letters 

towritewithandusethesamekindsof 

weights 

tomeasurethingswith,allovertheempire.Officialsbegantouse 

seals 

toshowthattheyhadapprovedsomething.

Qindidn'

ttrusttheotherkingswhomhehadconquered,sohedidn'

tletthemrunanything.Instead,hechosehisownassistantsandsentthemoutasgovernorsandjudgesforeachpartofhisempire.And,sothathecouldkeepaneyeonthekingsandtheirfamilies,hemadethemleavetheirhomesandcomeliveinthecapitalcitywithhim,andhelphimthere.Thatwaytheycouldn'

trevoltagainsthim.

Qinalsogottogetherahugearmytokeepthekingsfromrevoltingagainsthim.Andwhenhedidn'

tneeditforrevolts,hekeptthearmybusydefendingtheempireandmakingitbiggerandbigger.SoonChinareachedfrom 

Mongolia 

inthenorthtoVietnaminthesouth.

ThebiggestdangertoChinawasthepeoplewholivedinMongoliaandSiberia,whooftentriedtoinvadeChina.AlotofthekingsinnorthernChinahadalreadybuiltwallsalongtheirkingdomstokeepouttheseinvaders.QinorderedhisarmytojoinupalltheselittlewallstomaketheGreatWallofChina.Thewallendedupbeing1,500mileslong（2400kilometers）!

That'

salmostaslongastheUnitedStates'

borderwithMexico（mostofwhichdoesn'

thaveawall.）

HanDynasty汉朝

LiuBang,whenheestablishedtheHanDynastyin 

202BC,didn'

treallychangethatmuchfromthesystemthat 

Qin 

hadsetup.Hestillgotthekings 

andtheirfamiliestoliveathiscapitalcity,andhestillsentoutgovernorsandjudgeswhomhecouldtrust.Hecalledforsmart 

educated 

mentoworkforhim,tobethegovernorsandjudgesheneeded,becauseheknewtheywouldbegoodworkersandmakefair,wise,decisions.

LiuBangdidletsomeareashavetheirownrulers,iftherulerswerereallyloyaltohim.WecallthisearlierpartoftheHanDynastytheWesternHan,becausethecapitalwasinWesternChina,atChang'

an.

LiuBang'

swifewastheEmpressLu.WhenKaoTsudied,Lutriedtotakeoverpowerforherself,andshesucceededincontrollingChinesepoliticsforsometime,eventhoughitwasverydifficultforwomentogetpoliticalpoweratthistime.

In141BC,LiuChebecameemperor.LiuChewascalledtheMartialEmperor,becauseheledmanycampaignsagainstthe 

Huns 

（theChinesecalledtheHunstheHsiung-Nu）.Atthistime,theHunswerelivingnorthandwestofChina,andtheytriedtoinvadeallthetime.

Butjustalittlefurthersouth,the 

SogdianswerebeginningtosetupsafetraderoutesthatconnectedCentralAsiatoChinaandWestAsia-thiswasthebeginningofthe 

SilkRoad.Chinasold 

silk 

tea 

westtoCentralAsiainexchangefor 

andcarpets.Theyboughtsomethingsfromevenfurtheraway:

spicesfromIndia, 

glass 

silver 

fromthe 

ParthianEmpire,furand 

gold 

RomanEmpire,andeven 

ivory 

fromAfrica.

LiuChealsosetupthefirstuniversity 

inChina,in124BC.Youngmen（onlymenwereallowedtogotouniversitythen）werechosenforbeingverysmartandhard-workingandthenthegovernmentpaidalltheirexpenseswhiletheywenttotheschool.Atfirsttheuniversityhadonlyfiftystudents,butitgrewquickly.Studentsattheschoolmainlystudied 

Confucianphilosophy,whichLiuChealsomadetheofficialstatephilosophy.

EasternHan东汉

In9 

AD,therewasashortbreakin 

HanDynastycontrolofChina.AmannamedWangMang,whowasanephewofthecurrentHanempress,tookthethronefromtheemperor 

andcalledhisnewdynastytheHsinDynasty.

WangManggotintopowerbypromisingtotakealotofpowerandlandfromtherichpeopleandgiveittothepoorpeople.Butthisturnedouttobehardtodo.Thepowerfulpeopledefendedtheirlandandwouldn'

tgiveitup.SooneverybodyhatedWangMang:

therichpeoplehatedhimbecausehetriedtotaketheirland,andthepoorpeoplehatedhimbecausehedidn'

tgivethemanyofthethingshehadpromised.

In17ADthepoorpeopleinShandongbeganarebellion.Theypaintedtheirfacesred（sotheywerecalledtheRedEyebrows）andattackedWangMang.WangMang'

sarmywasdefeated,andWangManghimselfwaskilled,in23AD.

Aftertherevolution,in25AD,aHanDynastyemperortookcontrolofChinaagain.HisnamewasLiuXiu.Hediedin57AD.

BecausetheHanweresostrong,theywereabletofightoffthe 

Hunstotheirnorthandwest.Becauseofthis,theHunstravelledwesttoEurope,wheretheywereimportantinthe 

falloftheRomanEmpiresomehundredsofyearslater.

InthelastyearsoftheHanDynasty,theempe