INCOTERMS 英文版.docx
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INCOTERMS 英文版.docx
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INCOTERMS英文版
INCOTERMS2000
Entryintoforce1stJAN2000
FOREWORD
ByMaria LivanosCattaui,SecretaryGeneralofICC
Theglobaleconomyhasgivenbusinessesbroaderaccessthaneverbeforetomarketsallovertheworld.Goodsaresoldinmorecountries,inlargerquantities,andingreatervariety.Butasthevolumeandcomplexityofinternationalsalesincrease,sodopossibilitiesformisunderstandingsandcostlydisputeswhensalescontractsarenotadequatelydrafted.
Incoterms,theofficialICCrulesfortheinterpretationoftradeterms,facilitatetheconductofinternationaltrade.ReferencetoIncoterms2000inasalescontractdefinesclearlytheparties'respectiveobligationsandreducestheriskoflegalcomplications.
SincethecreationofIncotermsbyICCin1936,thisundisputedworld-widecontractualstandardhasbeenregularlyupdatedtokeeppacewiththedevelopmentofinternationaltrade.Incoterms2000takeaccountoftherecentspreadofcustoms-freezones,theincreaseduseofelectroniccommunicationsinbusinesstransactions,andchangesintransportpractices.Incoterms2000offerasimplerandclearerpresentationofthe13definitions,allofwhichhavebeenrevised.
ThebroadexpertiseofICC'sCommissiononInternationalCommercialPractice,whosemembershipisdrawnfromallpartsoftheworldandalltradesectors,ensuresthatIncoterms 2000respondtobusinessneedseverywhere.
IONTRODUCTION
1.PURPOSEANDSCOPEOFINCOTERMS
TbepurposeofIncotermsistoprovideasetofinternationalrulesfortheinterpretationofthemostcommonlyusedtradetermsinforeigntrade.Thus,theuncertaintiesofdifferentinterpretationsofsuchtermsindifferentcountriescanbeavoidedoratleastreducedtoaconsiderabledegree.
Frequently,partiestoacontractareunawareofthedifferenttradingpracticesintheirrespectivecountries.Thiscangiverisetomisunderstandings,disputesandlitigation,withallthewasteoftimeandmoneythatthisentails.Inordertoremedytheseproblems,theInternationalChamberofCommercefirstpublishedin1936asetofinternationalrulesfortheinterpretationoftradeterms.Theseruleswereknownas"Incoterms1936".Amendmentsandadditionswerelatermadein1953,1967,1976,1980,1990andpresentlyin2000inordertobringtherulesinlinewithcurrentinternationaltradepractices.
ItshouldhestressedthatthescopeofIncotermsislimitedtomattersrelatingtotherightsandobligationsofthepartiestothecontractofsalewithrespecttothedeliveryofgoodssold(inthesenseof"tangibles",notincluding"intangibles"suchascomputersoftware).
ItappearsthattwoparticularmisconceptionsaboutIncotermsareverycommon.First,Incotermsarefrequentlymisunderstoodasapplyingtothecontractofcarriageratherthantothecontractofsale.Second,theyaresometimeswrongly'assumedtoprovideforallthedutieswhichpartiesmaywishtoincludeinacontractofsale.
AshasalwaysbeenunderlinedbyICC,Incotermsdealonlywiththerelationbetweensellersandbuyersunderthecontractofsale,and,moreover,onlydosoinsomeverydistinctrespects.
Whileitisessentialforexportersandimporterstoconsidertheverypracticalrelationshipbetweenthevariouscontractsneededtoperformaninternationalsalestransaction-wherenotonlythecontractofsaleisrequired,butalsocontractsofcarriage,insuranceandfinancing:
-Incotermsrelatetoonlyoneofthesecontracts,namelythecontractofsale.
Nevertheless,theparties'agreementtouseaparticularIncoterms,wouldnecessarilyimplicationsfortheothercontracts.Tomentionafewexamples,ahavingagreedtoaCFRorCIF-contractcannotperformsuchacontract byanyothermodeoftransportthancarriagebysea,sinceunderthesehemustpresentabillofladingorothermaritimedocumenttothebuyerwhichissimplynotpossibleifothermodesoftransportareused.Furthermore,-&cdocumentrequiredunderadocumentarycreditwouldnecessarilydependuponthemeansoftransportintendedtoheused.
Second,Incotermsdealwithanumberofidentifiedobligationsimposedontheparties-suchastheseller'sobligationtoplacethegoodsatthedisposalofthebuyerorhandthemoverforcarriageordeliverthematdestinationandwiththedistributionofriskbetweenthepartiesinthesecases.
Further,theydealwiththeobligationstoclearthegoodsforexportandimport,thepackingofthegoods,thebuyer'sobligationtotakedeliveryaswellastheobligationtoprovideproofthattherespectiveobligationshavebeendulyfulfil1ed.AlthoughIncotermsareextremelyimportantfortheimplementationofthecontractofsale,agreatnumberofproblemswhichmayoccurinsuchacontractarenotdealtwithatall,liketransferofownershipandotherpropertyrights.breachesofcontractandtheconsequencesfollowingfromsuchbreachesmwellasexemptionsfromliabilityincertainsituations.ItshouldbestressedthatIncotermsarenotintendedtoreplacesuchcontracttermsthatareneededforacompletecontractofsaleeitherbytheincorporationofstandardtermsorbyindividuallynegotiatedterms.
Generally,Incotermsdonotdealwiththeconsequencesofbreachofcontract
andanyexemptionsfromliabilityowingtovariousimpediments.Thesequestionsmustheresolvedbyotherstipulationsintilecontractofsaleandtileapplicablelaw.
Incotermshavealwaysbeenprimarilyintendedforusewheregoodsaresoldfordeliveryacrossnationalboundaries:
hence,internationalcommercialterms.However,Incoterms areinpracticeattimesalsoincorporatedintocontractsforthesaleofgoodswithinpurelydomesticmarkets.WhereIncotermsaresoused,theA2andB2clausesandanyotherstipulationofotherarticlesdealingwithexportandimportdo,ofcourse,becomeredundant.
2.WHYREVISIONSOFINCOTERMS?
ThemainreasonforsuccessiverevisionsofIncotermshasbeentheneedtoadaptthemtocontemporarycommercialpractice.Thus,inthe1980revisionthetermFreeCarrier(nowFCA)wasintroducedmordertodealwiththefrequentcasewherethereceptionpointinmaritimetradewasnolongerthetraditionalFOB point(passingoftheship'srail)butratherapointonland,priortoloadingonboardavessel,wherethegoodswerestowedintoacontainerforsubsequenttransportbyseaorbydifferentmeansoftransportincombination(so calledcombinedormultimodeltransport).
Further,inthe1990revisionofIncoterms,theclausesdealingwiththeseller'sobligationtoprovideproofofdeliverypermittedareplacementofpaperdocumentationbyEDI messagesprovidedthepartieshadagreedtocommunicateelectronically.Needlesstosay,effortsareconstantlymadetoimproveuponthedraftingandpresentationofIncotermsinordertofacilitatetheirpracticalimplementation.
3.INCOTERMS2000
Duringtheprocessofrevision,whichhastakenabouttwoyears,ICC hasdoneitsbesttoinviteviewsandresponsestosuccessivedraftsfromawiderangingspectrumofworldtraders,representedasthesevarioussectorsareonthenationalcommitteesthroughwhichICC operates.Indeed,ithasbeengratifyingtoseethatthisrevisionprocesshasattractedfarmorereactionfromusersaroundtheworldthananyofthepreviousrevisionsofIncoterms.TheresultofthisdialogueisIncoterms2000,aversionwhichwhencomparedwithIncoterms1990mayapperartohaveeffectedfewchanges.Itisclear,however,thatIncotermsnowenjoyworldwiderecognitionandICChasthereforedecidedtoconsolidateuponthatrecognitionandavoidchangeforitsownsake.Ontheotherhand,seriouseffortshavebeenmadetoensurethatthewordingusedinIncoterms2000clearlyandaccuratelyreflectstradepractice.Moreover,substantivechangeshavebeenmadeintwoareas:
• thecustomsclearanceandpaymentofdutyobligationsunderFASandDEQ;and
• theloadingandunloadingobligationsunderFCA.
Allchanges,whethersubstantiveorformalhavebeenmadeonthebasisofthoroughresearchamongusersofIncotermsandparticularregardhasbeengiventoqueriesreceivedsince1990bythePanelofIncotermsExperts,setupasanadditionalservicetotheusersofIncoterms.
4.INCOPRORATIONOFINCOTERMSINTOTHECONTRACTOFSALE
InviewofthechangesmadetoIncotermsfromtimetotime,itisimportanttoensurethatwherethepartiesintendtoincorporateIncotermsintotheircontractofsale,anexpressreferenceisalwaysmadetothecurrentversionofIncoterms.Thismayeasilybeoverlookedwhen,forexample,areferencehasbeenmadetoanearlierversioninstandardcontractformsorinorderformsusedbymerchants.Afailuretorefertothecurrentversionmaythenresultindisputesastowhetherthepartiesintendedtoincorporatethatversionoranearlierversionasapartoftheircontract.MerchantswishingtouseIncoterms 2000shouldthereforeclearlyspecifythattheircontractisgovernedby"Incoterms2000".
5.THESTRUCTUREOFINCOTERMS
In1990,forcaseofunderstanding,thetermsweregroupedinfourbasicallydifferentcategories:
namelystartingwiththetermwherebytheselleronlymakesthegoodsavailabletothebuyerattheseller’sownpremises(the"E" termExworks);followedbythesecondgroupwherebytheselleriscalledupontodeliverthegoodstoacarrierappointedbythebuyer(the"F" termsFCA,FASandFOB);continuingwiththe"C" termswherethesellerhastocontractforcarriage,butwithoutassumingtheriskoflossofordamagetothegoodsoradditionalcostsduetoeventsoccurringaftershipmentanddispatch(CFR,CIF,CPTandCIP); and,finally,the"D" termswherebythesellerhastobearallcostsandrisks
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