高考英语测试题 附答案Word格式文档下载.docx

高考英语测试题 附答案Word格式文档下载.docx

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Nooneknowsforsurewhenadvertisingfirststarted.Itispossiblethatitgrewoutofthediscoverythatsomepeopledidcertainkindsofworkbetterthanothersdidthem.Thatledtotheconceptofspecialization,whichmeansthatpeoplewouldspecialize,orfocus,ondoingonespecificjob.

Let’stakeamanwe’llcallMr.Fielder,forexample.Hedideverythingconnectedwithfarming.Heplantedseeds,tendedthefields,andharvestedandsoldhiscrops.Atthesametime,hedidmanyotherjobsonthefarm.However,hedidn’tmakethebricksforhishouse,cuthistreesintoboards,maketheplows（犁）,oranyofotherhundredsofthingsafarmneeds.Instead,hegotthemfrompeoplewhospecializedindoingeachofthosethings.

SupposetherewasanothermanweshallcallMr.Plowright.Usingwhatheknewaboutfarmingandworkingwithiron,Mr.Plowrightinventedaplowthatmadefarmingeasier.Mr.Plowrightdidnotreallylikefarminghimselfandwantedtospecializeinmakingreallygoodplows.Perhaps,hethought,otherfarmerswilltradewhattheygrowforoneofmyplows.

HowdidMr.Plowrightletpeopleknowwhathewasdoing?

Why,headvertised,ofcourse.Firstheopenedashopandthenheputupasignoutsidetheshoptoattractcustomers.Thatsignmayhavebeennomorethanaplowcarvedintoapieceofwoodandasimplearrowpointingtotheshopdoor.ItwasprobablyalltheinformationpeopleneededtofindMr.Plowrightandhisreallygoodplows.

Manyhistoriansbelievethatthefirstoutdoorsignswereusedaboutfivethousandyearsago.Evenbeforemostpeoplecouldread,theyunderstoodsuchsigns.Shopkeeperswouldcarveintostone,clay,orwoodsymbolsfortheproductstheyhadforsale.

Amedium,inadvertisingtalk,isthewayyoucommunicateyourmessage.Youmightsaythatthefirstmediumusedinadvertisingwassignswithsymbols.Thesecondmediumwasaudio,orsound,althoughthattermisnotusedexactlyinthewayweuseittoday.Originally,justthehumanvoiceandmaybesomekindofsimpleinstrument,suchasabell,wereusedtogetpeople’sattention.

Acrier,inthehistoricalsense,isnotsomeonewhoweepseasily.Itissomeone,probablyaman,withavoiceloudenoughtobeheardovertheothernoisesofacity.InancientEgypt,shopkeepersmighthiresuchapersontospreadthenewsabouttheirproducts.Oftenthisearliestformofadvertisinginvolvedanewlyarrivedshiploadedwithgoods.Perhapsthecrierdescribedthegoods,explainedwheretheycamefrom,andpraisedtheirquality.Hisjobwas,inotherwords,nottoodifferentfromaTVorradiocommercialintoday’sworld.

1.Whatprobablyledtothestartofadvertising?

A.Thediscoveryofiron.B.Thespecializationoflabor.

C.Theappearanceofnewjobs.D.Thedevelopmentoffarmingtechniques.

2.Toadvertisehisplows,Mr.Plowright__________.

A.praisedhisplowsinpublicB.placedasignoutsidetheshop

C.hunganarrowpointingtotheshopD.showedhisproductstothecustomers

3.ThewritermakesupthetwostoriesofMr.FielderandMr.Plowrightinorderto__________.

A.explaintheoriginofadvertisingB.predictthefutureofadvertising

C.exposeproblemsinadvertisingD.providesuggestionsforadvertising

4.InancientEgypt,acrierwasprobablysomeonewho__________.

A.ownedaship

B.hadtheloudestvoice

C.ranashopsellinggoodstofarmers

D.functionedliketoday’sTVorradiocommercial

5.Thelasttwoparagraphsaremainlyabout__________.

A.thehistoryofadvertisingB.thebenefitsofadvertising

C.theearlyformsofadvertisingD.thebasicdesignofadvertising

B

Abuild-it-yourselfsolarstill（蒸馏器）isoneofthebestwaystoobtaindrinkingwaterinareaswheretheliquidisnotreadilyavailable.DevelopedbytwodoctorsintheU.S.DepartmentofAgriculture,it’sanexcellentwatercollector.Unfortunately,youmustcarrythenecessaryequipmentwithyou,sinceit’sallbutimpossibletofindnaturalsubstitutes.Theonlycomponentsrequired,though,area5’x5’sheetofclearorslightlymilkyplastic,sixfeetofplastictube,andacontainer—perhapsjustadrinkingcup—tocatchthewater.Thesepiecescanbefoldedintoaneatlittlepackandfastenedonyourbelt.

Toconstructaworkingstill,useasharpstickorrocktodigaholefourfeetacrossandthreefeetdeep.Trytomaketheholeinadampareatoincreasethewatercatcher’sproductivity.Placeyourcupinthedeepestpartofthehole.Thenlaythetubeinplacesothatoneendrestsallthewayinthecupandtherestofthelinerunsup—andout—thesideofthehole.

Next,covertheholewiththeplasticsheet,securingtheedgesoftheplasticwithdirtandweightingthesheet’scenterdownwitharock.Theplasticshouldnowformacone（圆锥体）with45-degree-angledsides.Thelowpointofthesheetmustbecentereddirectlyover,andnomorethanthreeinchesabove,thecup.

Thesolarstillworksbycreatingagreenhouseundertheplastic.Groundwaterevaporates（蒸发）andcollectsonthesheetuntilsmalldropsofwaterform,rundownthematerialandfalloffintothecup.Whenthecontainerisfull,youcansucktherefreshmentoutthroughthetube,andwon’thavetobreakdownthestilleverytimeyouneedadrink.

6.Whatdoweknowaboutthesolarstillequipmentfromthefirstparagraph?

A.It’sdelicate.B.It’sexpensive.C.It’scomplex.D.It’sportable

7.Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase“thewatercatcher”inparagraph2referto?

A.ThetubeB.ThestillC.TheholeD.Thecup

8.What’sthelaststepofconstructingaworkingsolarstill?

A.DigaholeofacertainsizeB.Putthecupinplace

C.Weightthesheet’scenterdownD.Covertheholewiththeplasticsheet

9.Whenasolarstillworks,dropsofwatercomeintothecupfrom____________.

A.theplastictubeB.outsidetheholeC.theopenairD.beneaththesheet

C

Thebabymonkeyismuchmoredevelopedatbirththanthehumanbaby.Almostfromthemomentitisborn,thebabymonkeycanmovearoundandholdtightlytoitsmother.Duringthefirstfewdaysofitslifethebabywillapproachandholdontoalmostanylarge,warm,andsoftobjectinitsenvironment,particularlyifthatobjectalsogivesitmilk.Afteraweekorso,however,thebabymonkeybeginstoavoidnewcomersandfocusesitsattentionson“mother”—therealmotherorthemother-substitute（母亲替代物）.

Duringthefirsttwoweeksofitslifewarmthisperhapsthemostimportantpsychologicalthingthatamonkeymotherhastogivetoitsbaby.TheHarlows,acouplewhoarebothpsychologists,discoveredthisfactbyofferingbabymonkeysachoiceoftwotypesofmother-substitutes—onecoveredwithclothandonemadeofbarewire.Ifthetwoartificialmotherswereboththesametemperature,thelittlemonkeysalwayspreferredtheclothmother.However,ifthewiremodelwasheated,whiletheclothmodelwascool,forthefirsttwoweeksafterbirththebabymonkeyspickedthewarmwiremother-substitutesastheirfavorites.Thereaftertheyswitchedandspentmostoftheirtimeonthemorecomfortableclothmother.

Whyisclothpreferabletobarewire?

SomethingthattheHarlowscalledcontact（接触）comfortseemstobetheanswer,andamostpowerfulinfluenceitis.Babymonkeysspendmuchoftheirtimerubbingagainsttheirmothers’skins,puttingthemselvesinasclosecontactwiththeparentastheycan.Whenevertheyounganimalisfrightened,disturbed,orannoyed,ittypicallyrushestoitsmotherandrubsitselfagainstherbody.Wiredoesn’t“rub”aswellasdoessoftwirecloth.Prolonged（长时间的）“contactcomfort”withaclothmotherappearstogivethebabiesconfidenceandismuchmorerewardingtothemthaniseitherwarmthormilk.

AccordingtotheHarlows,thebasicqualityofababy’sloveforitsmotheristrust.Ifthebabyisputintoanunfamiliarplayroomwithoutitsmother,thebabyignoresthetoysnomatterhowinterestingtheymightbe.Itscreamsinterrorandcurlsupintoafurrylittleball.Ifitsclothmotherisnowintroducedintotheplayroom,thebabyrushestoitandholdsontoitfordearlife.Afterafewminutesofcontactcomfort,itobviouslybeginstofeelmoresecure.Itthenclimbsdownfromthemother-substituteandbeginstoexplorethetoys,butoftenrushesbackforadeepembrace（拥抱）asiftomakesurethatitsmotherisstillthereandthatalliswell.Bitbybititsfearsofthenewenvironmentaregoneanditspendsmoreandmoretimeplayingwiththetoysandlessandlesstimeholdingontoits“mother.”

10.Psychologically,whatdoesthebabymonkeydesiremostduringthefirsttwoweeksofitslife?

A.WarmthB.MilkC.ContactD.Trust

11.Afterthefirsttwoweeksoftheirlife,babymoneysprefertheclothmothertothewiremotherbecausetheformeris__________.

A.largerinsizeB.closertothem

C.lessfrighteningandlessdisturbingD.morecomfortabletorubagainst

12.Whatdoesthebabymonkeyprobablygainfromprolonged“contactcomfort”?

A.AttentionB.SoftnessC.ConfidenceD.Interest

13.Itcanbeinferredthatwhenthebabymonkeyfeelssecure,__________.

A.itfrequentlyrushesbackforadeepembracewhenexploringthetoys

B.itspendsmoretimescreamingtogetrewards

C.itislessattractedtothetoysthoughtheyareinteresting

D.itcareslessaboutwhetheritsmotherisstillaround

14.Themainpurposeofthepassageisto__________.

A.givethereasonsfortheexperimentB.presentthefindingsoftheexperiment

C.introducethemethodoftheexperimentD.describetheprocessoftheexperiment

D

In1974,afterfil