外交学概论复习资料.docx
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外交学概论复习资料.docx
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外交学概论复习资料
理论篇:
基本概念、外交起源与发展
一.Whatisdiplomacy?
Diplomacyistheexerciseofindependentstatestomanageexternalaffairsthroughofficialactivities;animportantpeacefulmeansbythenation’srepresentativestoprotectitsinterestsandimplementitsforeignpolicy;thescience,artandskillofpeacefulmanagementofstaterelations.(Thecoreofdiplomacyisconcerningtotheideaofcommunication,Itisthenecessityofrationalrelationsamongstates.
Thefoundationofdiplomacyistheinternationalprinciples,conventionsandregulationsthatisuniversallyaccepted.)
二.5functionsservedbydiplomacy
⑴Representation;Communication;Negotiation;Observation;Protection
⑵Newfunctionsinthechangingworld:
①Expandingthepublicrelationsinforeigncountries
②PromotingthenationalimagebytheMarketingways
③Participatingmultilateraldiplomacy,learntodealwithinternationalcontroversialissuesandprovideinternationalpublicgoods
④Embassiesmustservethebroadeningneedsoftheirfellowcitizenstraveling/working/livingabroad
三.what’sfeaturesofthedefinitionof“narrow-sense”diplomacy?
“narrow-sense”diplomacyoverweightthebusinessofmanagementoftheforeignrelationsbetweenstates;
Implementingforeignpolicy;skillsoftheconductofforeignbehavior.
四.外交如何走向规范化?
Thefourdevelopmentstagesofdiplomacy
1、thebudstage
inancienttimes,therearelotsofdiplomaticactivitiesinancientChina,India,GreeceandRoman.
2、Preliminarystageofdevelopment—inthemiddleages
AC.1455Thedukeofmilansentenvoys
toGenoaintheItalianPeninsulathatisbeseen
asthebeginningofmodernformofdiplomacy.
ThebeginningofResidentenvoyssystem
3、Regularizationstage
①.1648,“WestphaliaContract”----affirmingtheresidentdiplomatsystembytreaty
②.1815,”ViennaMeeting”---Diplomaticpersonnelrankinthearticlesofassociation
③.1961,“ViennaConventiononDiplomaticRelations”
五、冷战后外交新变化Newdiplomacystage—afterColdWar
What’sthecharacteristicofthenewdiplomacyintheeraofGlobalizationandmultilateralism?
1.Moreplayersindiplomacy-----
1)moreinternationalorganizations(includingNGOs/MNCs)
2)moreothergovernmentdepartments
3)moreindividualswhoarenotforeignserviceofficers(headsofstates/tracktwodiplomats/generalpublic)
2.Morecontentsofdiplomacy-----
theeconomy/technology/environmentalprotection/humanrights/moneylaundering/refugeedumping……
3.Morediplomaticmethods-----
Typicaldiplomaticmethods:
bilateraldiplomacy/professionaldiplomaticrepresentatives/
Newmethods:
summitdiplomacy/multilateraldiplomacy/publicdiplomacy/internetdiplomacy……
4.oldornew?
Changeorunchanged?
unchanged:
typicalresidentrepresentatives---stillimportant
unchanged:
purposeofdiplomacy
制度篇:
外交准则、外交规则与惯例、外交机构
一、Universally-AcceptedfundamentalNormsGoverningToday’sdiplomacy国际公认的当代外交基本准则
1.Sovereignequality主权平等
2.Peacefulsettlementofinternationaldisputesandnon-useofforce
和平解决国际争端,互不使用武力
•ThecontentsintheGeneralTreatyfortheRenunciationofWar(1928)
•ThecontentsintheUNCharter
•“Thepartiestoanydisputethecontinuanceofwhichislikelytoendangerthemaintenanceofinternationalpeaceandsecurity,shall,firstofall,seekasolutionbynegotiation,enquiry,mediation,conciliation,arbitration,judicialsettlement,resorttoregionalagenciesofarrangements,orotherpeacefulmeansoftheirownchoice.”
3.Non-interferenceininternalaffairsofanystate
不干涉任何国家的内政
●what’stheprinciplesofChinesediplomacy?
TheFivePrinciplesofPeacefulCoexistence
1.mutualrespectforsovereigntyandterritorialintegrity
2.mutualnon-aggression
3.non-interferenceineachother’sinternalaffairs
4.equalityandmutualbenefit
5.peacefulcoexistence
二、外交规则与惯例Diplomaticregulationsandconventions
1.外交承认含义、方式P235、238
2.外交关系的建立P240
3.外交代表机关的建立和馆长的就任P244
4.外交团和外交团团长(diplomaticcorps)P268
5.外交特权与豁免diplomaticprivilegesandimmunitiesP334
6.orderofprecedenceindiplomaticpracticeP326
三、外交机构Moderndiplomaticinstitutions
1.Theministryofforeignaffairs
•Functionsoftheministryofforeignaffairs
1)Representativeasawhole
2)Connectionbetweendiplomaticdecision-makingdepartmentsandresidentinstitutions
3)Policyrecommendationandimplementation
2.Theembassy大使馆P251
●Thecourseofestablishinganembassy
what’stheworkofthecharged’affairesadinterim?
what’sthedifferencebetweencharged’affairesandcharged’affairesadinterim?
●Theappointmentofanambassador
What’sthecourseofappointinganambassador
inChina/theU.S./theUnitedKingdom?
whytheagreementbetweentwocountriesisnecessary?
●ExplainthecoreFunctionsoftheembassy?
Representing
Protecting
Negotiating
Ascertaining
Promoting
●Thecompositionandsizeofembassy
compositionwithambassadorascentre
1)Ambassador
(minister)
2)Counselor(political/commercial/cultural)
(charged’affaires)
3)Foreignsecretary(3)
4)Diplomaticattache(attendant)/militaryattache
5)Diplomaticagents’spouses
administrativeandtechnicalstaff
Size:
from1to100agents
2.领事馆
v定义:
Consulateistherepresentativeofagovernment.Whenthegovernmentagreedbyagovernmentofanothercountry,oraccordingtotheagreementreachedwithagovernmentofanothercountry,theconsulatewillbestationedinaparticularcitytotheothercountry,andexerciseofconsularfunctionsinacertainarea.
v职责
实践篇:
外交谈判、外交方式(公共、首脑、经济)、外交官
一、公共外交、
1.What’sthepublicdiplomacy?
workaimingtoinformandengageindividualsandorganizationsoverseasinordertoimproveunderstandingandstrengtheninfluenceforthestatebyusingmassmedia/culturalexchangeandsoon.
2.What’sthefeaturesofpublicdiplomacy?
1.differencesfromtraditionaldiplomacy
traditional
public
Objects
Foreigngovernments
Foreignpublic
Methods
Residentembassy、negotiation、internationalconference
Massmedia、internationalacademic/cultural/artexchangeprogram
Aims
representation、protection、survey、communication
Promotepolicy、createimage、spreadidea
Subjects
governments
Governmentsororganizations/groups
2.differencesfrompropaganda
propaganda
public
actor
State
Stateornon-state
Tech-environment
Shotwaveradio
Printnewspapers
land-linetelephones
Satelliteinternet
Real-timenews
Mobiletelephones
Methods
actortopeople,politicaladvocacy
people-to-peoplecontactformutualenlightenment
Aims
Top-downmessaging
Relationship-building
3.Comparedwithpeopletopeoplediplomacyculturaldiplomacy
4.whydoespublicdiplomacyrise?
①informationization/democratization/andcivilsocietyenhancetheinfluenceofthepublic,thepublicisbecomingmoreimportantfordiplomacy
②manycountriestakepublicdiplomacyasthepartofnationalstrategybecausethesoftpowerandnationalbrandingaremorecrucialforthecountry.
5.Briefsummary:
①Publicdiplomacyisanewwaythatcanbeclosetoforeignpublic.Itbecomesmanygovernments’theimportantpartofforeignstrategy
②generallyspeaking,publicdiplomacycanpromoteunderstandingamongdifferentcountries’public.
③publicdiplomacyisthedevelopmentofdiplomaticinstitutions.Thediplomaticsystemisforming“onebodytwowings”frame.
④PublicDiplomacycanpromoteforeignpolicy,butcan’tsaveaflawedpolicy.
二、经济外交
1.定义:
Thedecision-making,policy-makingbycountriesorinternationalorganizationsforeconomicinterests.
Thedecision-making,policy-makingbycountriesorinternationalorganizationsusingeconomicmethodstorealizenon-economicaims.
2.Originanddevelopment
①before19thcentury
②in1866,theforeignaffairsministryoftheU.K.establishedcommercedepartment
③risingafterWorldWarSecond---Japaneseeconomicdiplomacy
④universalphenomenonafter1990s’
3.Theformofeconomicdiplomacy
ÚEconomiccooperation:
trade/finance/oil
ÚEconomicaid:
physical/technical/currency
ÚEconomicsanction:
embargo/tradeceased/financialassetsfreeze
ÚInternationaleconomiccoordination:
G8/G20/WTO/IMF
三、首脑外交见下
四、外交谈判
1.whatisdiplomaticnegotiation?
BroadSense:
apeacefulmethodforthecountriestodealwithdisputesandcometoagreements.
NarrowSense:
negotiationisaprocessinwhichexplicitproposalsareputforwardpubliclyforthepurposeofreachingagreement.
2.Featuresofnegotiations
1.negotiationislikeasport,needingtrainingandpractising.
2.Mixedmotives:
allpartiesparticipatingnegotiationhavemutualinterests(thebase)aswellasconflictinterests(thefocus).
3.thecourse:
allpartieswillsetthehighestandlowestaimsforthisnegotiation.Thefinalresultwillbeinthisrange.
4.anynegotiationswillbethecourseofjointdecision-making.
3.Typesofnegotiations
Rivalnegotiations:
disputesolving
boundary/trade/securityincident……
Cooperativenegotiations:
establishingrelations/developingrelations/aid/economicprojects/armscontrol………
Thenegotiationsinrealitysometimeshavemixoftwotypes.
4.keyelementsandskillsforsuccessfulnegotiation
Interests,options,criteria,people
theskillsasawhole
1.Identifyyourinterests,guessandmakesuretheotherside’sinterests.
2.Setthehighestandlowestaimsforanegotiationandidentifyanexplicitagendaandstrategyinthenegotiation.
3.Expandthemutualinterestsbyinventingsomeoptions.
4.Providetheobjectivecriteriaforrealizingtheaims
5.Listeningactivelyandhealthycommunication
6.Makeuseoftheinfluencethatyourcountryhas.
7.Makesurewhatyoushoulddonextifthenegotiationsbrokedown.(alternative)
例
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