应用和解决方案兼容的三维可视化外文文献及译文.docx
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应用和解决方案兼容的三维可视化外文文献及译文.docx
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应用和解决方案兼容的三维可视化外文文献及译文
本科毕业设计
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ApplicationsandSolutionsforInteroperable3dGeo-Visualization
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外文文献:
ApplicationsandSolutionsforInteroperable3dGeo-Visualization
3Dvisualizationsofspatialobjectsareemployedinanincreasingnumberofapplicationsfromtheareasof(urban)planning,citymarketing,tourism,andfacilitymanagement.Furtherapplicationfieldscouldbeentered,ifdistributedspatialobjectscouldbeintegratedontheflyintoone3dscene.Weargue,thatthisintegrationcanonlybesuccessful(andinsomecasesonlybepossible)ifitdoesnotmeantocopyandconcentratealldataintoonemonolithicsystem.Inthisarticlewesketchpromisingnewapplicationsandexaminetheirtechnicalrequirements.Wediscusshowtheseissuescanbeaddressedbytheuseofinteroperablegeowebservices,followingthestandardsproposedbytheOpenGISConsortium,theISO,andtheinitiativeGeodataInfrastructureNorthRhine-Westphalia(GDINRW)inGermany.Toovercomecurrentlimitationsweintroduceanewwebserviceforthe3dvisualizationofspatialdata.Thepresentedapplicationscenariosarearesultofthefeasibilitystudy"VirtualRegionsintheRhine-Ruhrarea2006"whichhasbeencarriedoutonbehalfofthestategovernmentofNorthRhine-WestphaliainGermany.
1.INTRODUCTION
3Dcityandlandscapemodelsrevealahighinformationpotentialforavarietyofapplicationfieldsintheprivateandpublicsector.Besidesthewell-knownapplicationsinthefieldsofarchitecture,urbanandtransportplanning,surveyingandmobiletelecommunication,3dmodelsbecomeincreasinglyimportantinthefieldsofcityandregionalmarketing(e.g.representationofregions,municipalities,companiesandFootballWorldCuplocations),tourism(recreation,culture),telematics(pedestrianandcarnavigation),civilprotection(floodprotection,noiseandpollutantdispersion,disastermanagement),realestatemanagement(broker,banks,assurances),andfacilitymanagement.
Mostapplicationstypicallyneedvariousgeoinformationfromdifferentdataproviders.E.g.anarchitecturefirmrequiresfortheplanningofanewshoppingmalldigital3dgeoinformationin
termsofasmallscaledandlowdetailedcitymodelcoveringthewholeplanningarea,whichwill
supporttheidentificationofappropriatelocations.The3dobjectsalsohavetoberelatedtosocioeconomical2dgeoinformation.Whentheappropriatelocationhasbeenfound,detailedarchitecturalresp.buildingmodelswithdetailedtexturingarenecessaryforthetargetareainordertobeabletodemonstratetheintegrationoftheshoppingmallwithitsenvironmentby3dvisualization.Difficultiesarise,becausespatialdatasetsarenotonlyscatteredoverdifferentpublicandprivatedataproviders,butalsousedifferentmodels,dataformats,andlevelsofdetail.Becauseoftheseheterogeneousconditions,integrated3dvisualizationofthesedataresourcesprovestobecomplicated.Indeed,ageneralstrategyforinteroperable3dgeo-visualizationinthecontextofgeoinformationsystemsisstillmissing.
Atlarge,thewidespreadandsustainableuseof3dgeoinformationinthementionedapplicationfieldsishinderedbyhighpricing,limiteddataavailability,missing3danalysisinstruments,diversityofformatsandprocessingsystems,andinsufficientaccessmechanisms.Above,dataactualityandqualityof3dmodelsoftenislow,becauseinmanycases3dcitymodelshavebeenacquiredforspecificprojectsonlyandwerenotupdatedafterwards.
However,usersrequireimmediatedataaccess,meansfortheinteroperableintegrationofdifferent3dgeoinformationindifferentlevelsofdetail,toolsfor3danalysisandfurtherdataprocessing(basedondatastorageusingdatabases,generalpurpose3dGISwithfunctionalitieslikevisibilityanalysesetc.)aswellassolutionsforinteractivevisualizationandpresentation.Furthermore,aspectsofmodelintegrity,security,dataupdating(anditscosts),2d-3d-integration,realtimevisualizationandtexturing(highlyresp.lessdetailed,photo-realisticorpseudotextures)areofutmostimportanceforthequalityanduseracceptanceof3dgeoinformationsystems.
ItistheaimoftheinitiativeGeoDataInfrastructureNorthRhine-Westphalia(GDINRW)to
improvetheavailability,useanddistributionofspatialdataandtherebyenablethegeoinformationmarketinNRWandbeyond.TheGDINRWrealizesanopennetworkbringingtogethergeoinformationproducers,valueadders,brokersandusers.Bytheapplicationofwebservicetechnologythespatialdatafrompublicandprivatesourcescanberegistered,queriedandvisualizedinaninteroperableway(Bernardetal.2003).TheInitiativeGDINRWwasfoundedin1999asapublicprivatepartnershipbetweendataproviders,softwaremanufacturers,users,andparticipantsfromacademiaandadministration.TheCeGiCenterforGeoinformationGmbHmanagestheoperativebusinessoftheGDINRW.Interoperabilityofdistributeddataresourcesisthekeyissuewrt.Spatialdatainfrastructures.ToensureinteroperabilitytheGDINRWadopts(andisalsoinvolvedinthedevelopmentof)internationalstandardsoftheOpenGISConsortiumandtheISO/TC211(seeAltmaierandMüller2002,GDINRW2003,CeGi2003a,OGC2003,ISO2003).
Toovercometheabovementionedspecificproblemsof3ddatahandlingandvisualization,theSpecialInterestGroup3D(SIG3D)hasbeenfoundedasaworkinggroupintheGDINRW.Formorethanayearitisworkingonthedevelopmentofuser-orientedconceptsfortheinteroperableintegrationofdifferentdistributed3dspatialdataresourcesofpublicandprivateproviders.Thegeneralideaistoavoidcentraldatastoragesandmonolithic,proprietaryapplications.Instead,3dspatialdatashouldbekeptatitssourcesandmadeaccessibleviastandardizedinterfacesusingwebservices(seeKolbe2003,GrögerandKolbe2003).
2.DEMANDSANDCHANCESFORDISTRIBUTED3DGEOVISUALIZATION
Inthefeasibilitystudy,VirtualRegionsintheRhine-Ruhrarea2006”whichhasbeencarriedoutbyCeGiGmbHuntil”July2003onbehalfofthestategovernmentofNorthRhine-Westphalia,Germany,currentandfutureapplicationfieldsforinteroperable3dGISand3dvisualizationhavebeenidentifiedandrated.Theinvestigationsarebasedonnumerousandcomprehensiveinterviewswithexpertscomingfrombusiness,administration,organisationsandresearchinstitutionsfocusedontheirroleasaproviderresp.userof3dgeoinformation.
2.1.Overallchancesofdistributed3Ddataresources
Accordingtotheresultsofthefeasibilitystudy,aninteroperablesystemofdistributed3ddataresourcesprovidesthefollowingchancesandadvantages(CeGi2003b):
2.1.1.Interoperabilityandcompatibility
Byensuringinteroperabilityofdataformatsandsystemstheuserscanaccessarbitrary3dspatialdatasourcesinahomogeneousway.Itallowstheapplicationofthesameanalysisandvisualizationtoolsfordifferentdatasets.Theretrievalofappropriategeoinformationissupportedbyametadatainformationsystem,whichcurrentlyisdevelopedforNRW.AlthoughtherealreadyexistnumerousinternationalstandardsoftheOpenGISConsortiumfordataaccessandvisualization(OGC2003),sometechnicalissuesliketherealtimeexplorationof3dscenesovertheinternetpresentlyonlycanberealizedbyproprietarysoftwareapplications.Therefore,thequestionsconcerningtherightbalancebetweenstandardisationandproprietarysystemsaswellasconcerningthecapabilityof3dGISfunctionalitiesand3dvisualizationservices(e.g.staticordynamicvisualisation)havetobediscussed.Inthemediumterm,onlyamixtureofstandard-basedandproprietarysolutionscanberealized.However,eachapplicationofstandardisedservices,formatsandmodelingimprovesthesystem’soverallcompatibilityandthecompatibilityofprovidersandpossibleusers.
2.1.2.Multipleuseandsustainability
Interoperabilityandcompatibilityoffermultipleusageofgeoinformationaswellasthecreationofaddedvalueandmoreconvenientdataupdating,andtherebyassurethesustainabilityandqualityof3ddataresources.Inmanycasestheacquisitionof3dgeoinformationhasbeenproject-based(especiallyinprojectsthatwerefocusedon3dvisualizationonly),whichmeansthatdatabasestorage,furtherdataprocessing,re-useanddataupdatingarenotassured.Mostly,aone-timeinvestmentisdonewithoutconsideringlong-termandsustainablere-usepossibilities.Therefore,inthecontextofsustainabilitythequestionarises,ifinthedifferentapplicationfieldsthefocusisratheron3dpresentation,realismandaestheticsoron3dGISandanalyses.
2.1.3.Improvementofworkflowandefficiency
Thesustainableuseofdistributed3dspatialdataresourcesinducessynergyeffectsbyavoidingrepeatedworkduetoredundantdatastorageandanalyses.Thusitbringsfacilitationofworkandimprovementofefficiency.Thisincludestheshorteningofinternalprocessesbyprovidingfastdataaccess(e.g.improveduseofgeoinformationinmunicipaladministrations),improvedvisualizationofurbanplanningprojects,moretransparentandcurtatedplanningprocedures,improvedcitizenparticipationprocessesorsimplificationandautomationofworkflows,whichallowahigheraccuracyandthebalancedloadofprocesscomponents.
2.1.4.Chancesofrefinancing
Interoperable3dgeoinformationsystemsshowmarket,economisationandrefinancingpotentials.Inthelongrun,onlysuchapplicationsrunningonaspatialdatainfrastructurecanbesuccessful,whichrevealrealmarketpotentials,i.e.thereisastrongdemandonthemarketby
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