欧洲文化入门课后习题答案.docx
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欧洲文化入门课后习题答案.docx
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欧洲文化入门课后习题答案
欧洲文化入门课后习题答案:
Divisionone:
GreekcultureandRomanculture
希腊、罗马文化
Ⅰ、Greekculture希腊文化
1.Whatare the major elementsinEuropeanculture?
Therearetwomain elements——theGreco-Roman element andtheJudeo-Christianelement、
2.Whatwerethemain featuresofancientGreeksociety?
In Greek society,onlyadultmalecitizenhadrealpowerandthecitizenshipwasa setofrightswhich amaninheritedfromhisfather、TheeconomyofAthensrestedonanimmenseamountof slave labor、Slavesworkedfortheirmasters、Theexploitation wasaserioussocialproblem、 TheGreeksloved sports、Theyoftentookpartinthecontests ofsportsinOlympusMount,thus OlympicGamescameintobeing、
3.WhatdidHomerdo?
Why isheimportantin the history ofEuropeanliterature?
Hedepictedthe greatGreek menwho livedintheperiod1200-1100B、C、andwars happeningat thattime、Asanauthor ofepics,heemployedfineliterary languageto describe wars andmen,eventhoughtheywere dull、He stood inthepeekofGreekliteratureandexertedagreatinfluenceon hisfollowers、
4.Whowerethe outstanding dramatists ofancientGreece?
What importantplaysdideachofthem write?
Aeschylus, SophoclesandEuripideswerethreeoutstandingdramatistsof ancient Greece、
Aeschylus:
PrometheusBound,Persians,Agamemnon
Sophocles:
Oedipus theKing, Electra,Antigone
Euripides:
Andromache,Medea, TrojanWomen
5.Were there historiansthen?
Whowere they?
Whatdideach ofthemwriteabout?
Yes,thereare、TheywereHerodotusand Thucydides、
Herodotuswrote aboutthe warsbetween GreeksandPersians、Thucydideswroteabout thewarbetweenAthensandSpartaand between Athens and Syracuse、
6、Wouldyousaythatphilosophy washighlydevelopedthen?
Whowerethemajorphilosophers?
No,I wouldn’t、 Becausethose philosophicalideas were only idealism orsimplematerialism ormetaphysics、Socrates, PlatoandAristotlewerethemajorphilosophersatthattime、
7、 DidSocrates writeanybook?
Howthendowe knowabouthim?
Whatdistinguishedhis philosophy?
No, he didn’t、WeknowSocrates chiefly throughwhatPlatorecorded ofhiminthefamousDialogueswrittenbyPlato、Heconsidered that philosophyrestedwiththedissect of oneself andvirtuewashighworth oflife、 Hismethod ofargument,byquestions andanswers,wasknownas thedialecticalmethod、
8、 TellsomeofPlato’sideas、Whydopeoplecallhimanidealist?
(1)Menhaveknowledgebecauseoftheexistenceofcertaingeneral “ideas”,likebeauty,truth,and goodness、
(2)We should notlookatthethingswhich arenotseen:
forthethingswhicharenotseeneternal、Because heemphasized theimportance of“ideas”andbelievedthat“thought”hadcreatedtheworld,people callhim anidealist、
9、Inwhatimportant wayswasAristotledifferentfrom Plato?
WhataresomeofAristotle’s worksthatare stillinfluentialtoday?
(1) Aristotleemphasizeddirect observationofnatureand insistedthattheoryshouldfollowfact、ThisisdifferentfromPlato’srelianceonsubjectivethinking、
(2)Hethoughtthat“idea”and mattertogethermade concreteindividualrealitiesin whichhe differedfromPlatowhoheldthatideashadhigherrealitythanthepoliticalworld、 Hissignificantworksincludes:
Ethics,PoliticsandRhetoric、
10、Whoweresomeofthe otherphilosophersactivein that period?
Doestheword“Epicurean”inits modernsenseconveythe true meaningofthephilosophy oftheancientEpicureans?
Whatweretheirviewson pleasure?
(1)TheywereHeracleitue,Democritus,Diogenes,Pyrrhon,EpicurusandZeno、
(2)No,itdoesn’t、 TheancientEpicureansbelievedpleasuretobethehighestworthoflife,butby pleasuretheymeant,notsensualenjoymentbut thatattainedby thepracticeofvirtue、 Butthisideawasmisled bymodernpeople,intheir sense,theword “Epicurean”has etomean indulgence inluxurious living、
11、Saysomethingabout Greek sculpture,pottery andarchitecture、WhatwasthemostfamousGreektemple?
Is itstillthere?
(1)AlongwiththeformationofGreek civilization,Greeksculpture,potteryand architecturegot manygreatachievements、Greeksputintoworksofartthe thingstheyadmiredandworshiped, thescientificrulesthey discovered、Greekartevolvedfromthe archaic periodtotheclassicalperiod whichmarkedits maturity、
(2)themost famoustemplewas theAcropolis atAthens、(3)Yes,itisstillthere、
12、Givesomeexamplesto show theenormousinfluenceofGreekculture on Englishliterature、
Someexamples:
(1) AFreudianterm“Oedipusplex” of 19th century originatingfromaGreek tragedyinwhichkingOedipusunknowinglykilledhisfatherandmarriedhismother、
(2)In the earlypart ofthe19thcentury ,inEnglandalone,threeyoungRomanticpoetsexpressedtheiradmirationofGreekculture inworkswhichhave themselvesbee classics:
Byron’s IsleofGreece,Shelley’ sHellasandPrometheusUnboundandKeats’s OdeonaGrecianUrn、(3)Inthe20thcentury, there areHomericparallelsin theIrishman JamesJoyce’smodernistmasterpieceUlysses、
Ⅱ、Romanculture罗马文化
1.What didthe Romanhaveinmonwith theGreeks?
Andwhatwasthechief difference between them?
(1)TheRomanshadalotinmonwith theGreeks、Bothpeopleshad traditionsrooted intheideaofthecitizen-assembly,hostile tomonarchy and toservility、 Theirreligions werealike enoughfor most of theirdeities tobereadilyidentified—GreekZeuswithRoman Jupiter,GreekAphroditewithRomanVenus,and so on—andtheirmythsto befused、Theirlanguagesworkedinsimilarwaysandwereultimatelyrelated,bothbeing membersofthe Indo-Europeanlanguage familywhichstretchesfromBangladesh toIceland、
(2)Therewasonebigdifference、TheRomansbuiltupavastempire、TheGreeksdidn’t,exceptedforthe briefmomentofAlexander’sconquests,whichsoondisintegrated、
2.ExplainPaxRomana、
Inthe year27 B、C、,Octaviustook supremepowerasemperorwiththetitleof Augustus、Twocenturies later,the Romanempire reacheditsgreatestextentin theNorthandEast、The emperorsmainlyreliedona strongarmy—thefamous RomanLegions andan influential bureaucracytoexerttheirrules、Thus theRomansenjoyed along period ofpeace lasting 200 years、Thisremarkable phenomenoninthehistoryisknownas PaxRomana、
3.What contributionsdidthe Romansmaketotherule oflaw?
InRoman’searlieststage,only anumberof patriciansknewthecustomarylegalprocedure、Whentheruleswere putintowritinginthemiddleofthethirdcenturyB、C、itmarked avictoryfor theplebeians、Therewasfurtherdevelopment of law undertheemperors untilitwascodified,eventuallytobeethecoreof moderncivil and mercial lawin manyWesterncountries、
4.Who werethe importantprosewritersin ancientRome?
Whatdoes “Ciceronian”mean?
DidCicerowrite thatkindofrhetoricalprose allthetime?
<1>Marcus TulliusCiceroandJuliusCaesarwere twoimportantprosewriters、 <2>CiceronianmeansCicero’seloquent oratoricalmannerofwriting,Whichhashadan enormousinfluence onthe developmentofEuropeanprose、<3> No,hedidn’t、BecauseCiceroappearsasadifferentmanwith adifferentstyle,far lessrhetorical, butcolloquialandintimate、
5.Givethe example of thetersestyle ofJulius Caesar’sprose、
Anexample:
Icame, Isaw,Iconquered(models of succinctLatin)、
6.Who wasLucretius?
Whatdidhedo?
(1)LucretiuswasapoetofancientRome、
(2)Hewrote thephilosophicalpoemOntheNatureofThingtoexpound theideasofEpicurusthe Greekatomist、
7.What isthebook forwhichVirgilhasbeen famousthroughoutthecountries?
Inwhatways isthebooklinkedwiththeGreekpast?
(1)Thebook wasAeneid、
(2)ThestorywasaboutAeneas,oneoftheprincesofTroy, who escapedfrom thatburningcitywhenitfelltotheGreeks,tocarry on the Trojancauseinanewplace, Rome、Hedidn’tgoalone,but,carryinghisfatheronhisshoulders and leading his littlesonby thehand,afamilygroupofthree generations movedtogether、Thusinthiswaythebookis linkedwiththeGreekpast、
8.Whydo wesayAeneusisatruly tragichero?
BecauseAeneashad tobetraythegreat passionof hislife,hislove forDido,queen of Carthage, so that hecould fulfillhishistoricmission、
9.What isthechiefRoman achievement inarchitecture?
Givesomeexamples、
(1)TheRomansweregreatengineers、Theycoveredtheirworldfrom oneend to theotherwithroads,bridges,aqueducts, theatresand arenas、
(2)Someexamples:
A.ThePantheon:
thegreatestthebestpreserved Roman templebuiltin27B、C、、
B.Pontdu Gard:
itisan exceptionallywell-preservedaqueductthatspansawidevalley insouthernFrance、
10.Whyarethewall-paintingsoftheancientRomansstillsignificant toustoday?
Romanpaintingwas strongly influenced bytheartof Greece、And italsohadpecularitiesofitsown、Unfortunatelymuchofthepainting nolongerexists、Thereare,however,some wall-paintingsfromPompeiiandothertownsnearNaples、Thesewall-paintingsincludestilllives,landscapepaintings andfigure paintings、AmongthemwereLadyMusicianand YoungGirl,theMaidenGatheringFlowersand theLandscape、
Divisiontwo:
theBibleandChristianity
基督教及其《圣经》
1.WhatwastheHebrew’smajorcontribution toworldcivilization?
ThehistoryoftheHebrewswashandeddownorallyfrom onegenerationtoanother inthe form offolktalesand stories,whichwere recorded laterintheOldTestament,whichstill later became the firstpartoftheChristianBible、Thus theHebrewsmadeoneofthegreatestcontributionstotheworld civilization、
2.Whydo wesayJudaism andChristianity arecloselyrelated?
Judaismand Christianityarecloselyrelated:
⑴it wastheJewish tradition which gavebirthtoChristianity;⑵bothoriginatedinPalestine—thehubofmigrationand
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