第 20单元 状语1Word文件下载.docx
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第 20单元 状语1Word文件下载.docx
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1.副词(短语)概说
a.副词分类
1628根据其意义副词可以分为5类:
16291)时间副词:
表示某个时间的副词(回答when提出的问题):
today,now,tonight,nowadays,presently,immediately;
yesterday,earlier,lately,before,recently,ago;
tomorrow,soon,shortly,after,later,afterwards;
when?
then,early,late,meantime,punctually
表示频度的副词(回答howoften这个问题):
always,perpetually,eternally;
continually,repeatedly,generally,usually;
frequently,often;
sometimes;
occasionally;
rarely,seldom;
never;
once,twice;
daily,weekly,monthly,yearly;
nights(=eachnight),mornings(Am.)
表示时间长度的副词(回答howlong这个问题):
everlastingly,eternally,forever;
long;
temporarily,briefly.quickly,awhile
16302)地点副词:
表示地点或方向的副词(回答inwhatposition或towhatposition这个问题):
here,there,yonder;
far,afar,near,by;
on,off,away;
before,behind;
left,right;
up,down;
in,out;
back,forth;
aback,ahead,athwart,overboard;
longways,side-ways;
over,under;
above,below,beneath;
outside,in-side,aside;
within,without;
along,across;
together,separately,asunder,apart;
centrally,around,about;
nowhere,everywhere,anywhere,somewhere;
vertically,horizontally,slantwise;
downtown,uptown;
downstairs,upstairs;
abroad,home
方向副词(回答towhatposition这个问题):
backward,forward;
upward;
downward;
inward,out-ward.
注:
地点副词常修饰表示移动的动词,说明“到某地”,如Hewentthere,Heranaway,Hewalkedacross,Itflewoutside,Itfelldown.如果它修饰不表示移动的动词,则说明“在某地”,如Helivesthere.Hekeptawayfromus.Aloglayacross,sothecarcouldnotpass.Hewaiteddownthere,Hestoodoutside.
另外,许多地点副词可以用作名词,作介词from的宾语。
这种from短语表示“来自某处”,试比较下面的句子:
Hewentabroad,Hecamefromabroad;
Hecamedowntown,Hecamefromdowntown;
Itappearssomewhere,Itappearsfromsomewhere.
16313)方式副词:
以-ly结尾的副词:
slowly,justly,foolishly,honestly,steadily(andmanyothers)
不以-ly结尾的副词:
fast,hard,thus,how,ill,well,so;
peasant-style,Soviet-style,dog-fashion,Mongol-fashion;
likewise,otherwise,somehow.
16324)肯定副词:
表示肯定的副词:
certainly,indeed,surely,really,doubt-less,truly
表示不肯定的副词:
perhaps,probably,possibly,maybe
16335)程度副词:
可表示各种不同程度:
接近于“不”:
not,hardly,little
较小程度:
lightly,somewhat
某种程度:
fairly,rather,pretty
较大程度:
very,much,highly,greatly,deeply,extraordinarily
极大程度:
entirely,utterly,absolutely,completely,fully
渐渐:
increasingly,steadily,gadually,slowly
足够:
enough,sufficient
几乎:
nearly
仅仅:
only,just
b.副词短语的结构
1634副词短语指起副词作用的短语。
它常常包含一个介词,如bytheway,oneafteranother;
有时它包含一个名词和一个形容词,如thisyear,nextweek,fivedays,alongtime;
有时包含and或or,如againandagain,soonerorlater;
偶尔包含一些其他词,如sureenough,asusual.它可以是非成语型短语,也可以是成语型短语。
它至少有16种类型。
非成语型短语
1)介词+宾语(名词、动名词、疑问词+不定式、疑问词从句、介词短语):
atHongKong,tothecity;
aftermeetingher,bytravel-ling;
onhowtodoit,aboutwheretoeatPhilippinefood;
astohowtheydoit,astowhenyoungpeopleshouldgetmarried;
tillafterlunch,frombehindthedoor
2)“介词+名词+介词”+宾语:
incaseoffailure,byreasonofhisillness,bymeansofsweetwords,onbehalfofmycountry,inspiteoftherain,inplaceofhisposition,inthelightofhisgreatwork,withaviewtohelpingthepoor(这种“介词+名词+介词”是一个固定短语。
)
3)“副词+介词”+宾语:
togetherwithJohn,alongwithhisson,apartfromhisfol-ly,outofthehouse,downtothemoderntimes,agreeablytotheirinstructions,conformablytohispromise,asidefrommoney.(“副词+介词”也是固定短语)
4)副词+“介词+名词”:
earlyintheday,sometimeintheevening,lateinMay,Sundayatseven,backinthestoneage,faroutatsea,beyondonthehorizon,highupinthesky,outinthestreet,onceforall
5)指示词+表示时间的名词:
thisweek,nextyear,oneday,eachweek,someday,everyhour,thatmoment,thistime(ofyearorday),amoment,aSunday,themoment(heshouted),theday(JohnleftParis)(在指示词前in,on,at均省略)
6)表示数目或数量的形容词+表示时间长度、距离、重量、价格等的名词:
(for)threedays,(for)allweek,(for)ashortmoment;
(for)fivemiles,(for)alongdistance,threeblocks;
(forseveral)weeks,(forseveral)years;
twopounds;
50cents
7)名词+地点副词、形容词或定语短语(名词前的with省略):
facedownward,partialityapart,hismouthfullofchocolate,hisbackagainstthewall,hatinhand,gunonshoulder,cigaretteinmouth,myankleswollen,myheartbeatingfast
例如:
Adrunkardwaslyinginthestreet(with)facedownward.Thebellhungfromtheceiling,(with)itstonguestill.
8)各式各样的短语:
Sundaymorning,Tuesdayevening,July6;
twodaysago,fiveweekshence,threeyearslater;
tenstoreysup,halfwaydown
成语型短语
9)介词+名词:
infact,inanycase,byturns,attimes,onnoaccount,forinstance,byGod,withoutavail,betweenus
10)介词+形容词:
ingeneral,inshort,aboveall,throughthickandthin,afterall,forgood,atbest,atmost,ofold
11)介词+时间或地点副词:
beforelong,untilnow,atonce,forever,oflate,inshort,byfar,forshort
12)名词+介词+名词:
sidebyside,wordforword,dayafterday,facetoface,(from)timetotime,(from)doortodoor,allinall
13)副词+and,or或其他连词+副词:
againandagain,betterandbetter,byandby,moreandmore,throughandthrough,overandoveragain,upanddown,toandfro,onandoff,backwardsandforwards,(every)nowandthen,nowandagain,hereandthere;
rightorwrong,onceortwice,soonerorlater,nowornever,seldomornever,neitherherenorthere;
seldomifever,moreoftenthatnot
14)名词+and(或or)+名词:
Winterandsummer,nightandday(dayornight)shewaitedforhim.
Theyservedhimhandandfoot(=attendedtohiseverywish).
Theyboundhimhandandfoot(=sothathewasunabletomove).
Heleft,bagandbaggage(=withallhisbelongings).
Heremovedit,rootandbranch(=totally).
Theyattackedus,horseandfoot(=withalltheirmight)
Theywentatit,hammerandtongs(=withgreatforce).
Wemustdevoteourselves,bodyandsoul(orheartandsoul,heartandhand)(=wholeheartedly),tothisgreatcause.
Theydraggedhimoutheadandshoulder(orneckandheels)(=withviolence).
Theyfoughttoothandnail(=withallstrength).
Wemustgo,rainornorain.
Thehousehasbeenredesigned,topandbottom(=com-pletely).
Cf.Goodorbad,thisismycountry.
15)介词(常省略)+名词:
Hewalked(along)thestreet.
Heswims(after)dog-fashion.
(As)ThefirstthinginthemorningIwenttoseeher.
I’llbehere(at)seven-thirtyFriday.
(At)whattimedidyouleave?
(On)Whatdaydidyouarrive?
Isaidit(for)asecondtime,buthedidn‘thear.
Westayed(for)thenight.
Hefled(from)thiscountry.
Idon’tseeit(in)yourway.
Come(in)thisway.
(In)Whatdirectiondoyougohome?
Hewent(on)ajourneylastweek.
Weranged(over)thewoods.
Wetravelled(over)theContinent.
Weworkparttime(=forlessthantheregulartime).
Theyboundhimhandandfoot,smotehimhipandthigh.(参阅第13类)
Theydiditmornings(ornights,Sundays)(=everymorning,oreverynight,everySunday).
16)副词+副词:
closeby,nearby,faraway,faroff,sureenough,funnilyenough,lateron,earlyon,nomore,notanymore
c.副词短语的用法
1635几乎所有副词短语都用来修饰动词(谓语动词或非谓语动词):
He“went”tothecity.
John“came”alongwithhiswife.
Ada“stooduptothechininwater.
It“wasthrown”outinthestreet.
He“tumbled”,facedownward.
“Meeting”heroneday,hetoldherthenews.
Hetriedtoadviseher,“speaking”totheeffectthat…
Hedecides“totranslate”thearticlewordforword.
1636有少数这类短语,特别是1634节中9),10)两类短语,可以用来修饰整个句子:
Infact,“hehasdonehisbest”.
Forinstance,“goodisanadjective”.
Inshort,“moneymeanseverything”.
Sureenough,“hedivorcedher”.
1637第5)类从理论上可以看作是介词短语,其中at,on或in省略:
Hecame(in)everyyear.
Heleft(on)lastSunday.
Weshallmeet(at)nextChristmas.
Hedied(on)thedaywhenitrainedhard.
1638第6)类短语只和几个特殊动词一起用:
Thebook“costs”50dollars.
Thepork“weighs”fivepounds.
It“measures”threefeet.
1639在和其他动词一起用时,这种短语中的for可以用也可以省略:
He“waited”3hours(orforthreehours).
Sometreescan“live”athousandyears.
Theboots“last”2years.
We“travelled”athousandmiles.
Thecat“fell”ahundredfeet.
Theroad“extends”(for)miles.
Thepatientcannot“move”evenastep.
1640这种短语也可用来修饰后面的形容词(特别是比较级):
Thisfish,astheysay,measurestenmetres“long”(or“inlength”)
Theroadmeasuresmorethantwentymetres“wide”(or“inwidth”).
ThePacificOceanis,onanaverage,140000feet“deep”(or“indepth”).
Thearmyofourenemyismorethanamillion“strong”.
ThecivilizationofChinaisatleast4500years“old”.
Thebridgeistenmiles“distant”frommyhouse.
Thiscarisathousanddollars“cheaper”thanthat.
Heisahead“taller”thanhissister.
Thisisonlyatrifle“better”thanthat.
1641表示时间长度或距离的短语可用来修饰后面的时间或地点副词:
Hearrivedtenminutes(too)“late”.
Hediedaweek“ago”(or“since”).
Hehadleftafortnight“since”.
Hecamethreedays“afterwards”(or“after”,“later”).
I‘llmeethimthreedays“hence”.
Helivedfourmiles“away”(or“off”).
Itisthrownfa
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