冷链物流外文参考文献Word文档格式.docx
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冷链物流外文参考文献Word文档格式.docx
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WhileGlobalizationhasmadetherelativedistancebetweenregionsoftheworldmuchsmaller,thephysicalseparationofthesesameregionsisstillaveryimportantreality.Thegreaterthephysicalseparation,themorelikelyfreightcanbedamagedinoneofthecomplextransportoperationsinvolved.Somegoodscanbedamagedbyshockswhileotherscanbedamagedbyunduetemperaturevariations.Forarangeofgoodslabeledasperishables,particularlyfood,theirqualitydegradeswithtimesincetheymaintainchemicalreactionswhichratecanbemostlymitigatedwithlowertemperatures.Ittakestimeandcoordinationtoefficientlymoveashipmentandeverydelaycanhavenegativeconsequences,notablyifthiscargoisperishable.Toensurethatcargodoesnotbecomedamagedorcompromisedthroughoutthisprocess,businessesinthepharmaceutical,medicalandfoodindustriesareincreasinglyrelyingonthecoldchaintechnology.
Thecoldchainreferstothetransportationoftemperaturesensitiveproductsalongasupplychainthroughthermalandrefrigeratedpackagingmethodsandthelogisticalplanningtoprotecttheintegrityoftheseshipments.
SpecializationhasledmanycompaniestonotonlyrelyonmajorshippingserviceproviderssuchastheUnitedParcelService(UPS)andFEDEX,butalsomorefocusedindustryspecialiststhathavedevelopedanichelogisticalexpertisearoundtheshippingoftemperaturesensitiveproducts.Thepotentialtounderstandlocalrules,customsandenvironmentalconditionsaswellasanestimationofthelengthandtimeofadistributionroutemakethemanimportantfactoringlobaltrade.Asaresult,thelogisticsindustryisexperiencingagrowinglevelofspecializationandsegmentationofcoldchainshippinginseveralpotentialnichemarketswithinglobalcommoditychains.Wholenewsegmentsofthedistributionindustryhavebeenveryactiveintakingadvantageofthedualdevelopmentofthespatialextensionof
supplychainssupportedbyglobalizationandthesignificantvarietyofgoodsincirculation.Fromaneconomicdevelopmentperspective,thecoldchainenablesmanydevelopingcountriestotakepartintheglobalperishableproductsmarket.Fromageographicalperspective,thecoldchainhasthefollowingimpacts:
Global.Specializationofagriculturalfunctionspermittingthetransportoftemperature
sensitivefoodproductstodistantmarkets.Enablesthedistributionofvaccinesandother
pharmaceuticalorbiologicalproducts.
Regional.Cansupportthespecializationoffunctionsandeconomiesofscale,suchas
specializedlaboratories.
Local.Timelydistributiontothefinalconsumer,namelygrocerystoresandrestaurants.2.EmergenceofColdChainLogistics
Whileglobalcommoditychainsarefairlymodernexpansionsinthetransportationindustry,therefrigeratedmovementoftemperaturesensitivegoodsisapracticethatdatesbackto1797whenBritishfishermenusednaturalicetopreservetheirfishstockpiles.Thisprocesswasalsoseeninthelate1800sforthemovementoffoodfromruralareastourbanconsumptionmarkets,namelydairyproducts.Coldstoragewasalsoakeycomponentoffoodtradebetweencolonialpowersandtheircolonies.Forexample,inthelate1870sandearly1880s,FrancewasstartingtoreceivelargeshipmentsoffrozenmeatandmuttoncarcassesfromSouthAmerica,whileGreatBritainimportedfrozenbeeffromAustraliaandporkandothermeatfromNewZealand.By1910,600,000tonsoffrozenmeatwasbeingbroughtintoGreatBritainalone.Thefirstreefershipforthebananatradewasintroducedin1903bytheUnitedFoodCompany.Thisenabledthebananatomovefromanexoticfruitthathadasmallmarketbecauseitarrivedinmarketstooripe,tooneoftheworld'
smostconsumedfruit.Thetemperaturecontrolledmovementofpharmaceuticalsandmedicalsuppliesisamuchmoremoderntransitoptionthantheshippingofrefrigeratedorfrozenfood.Sincethe1950s,logisticalthirdpartycompaniesbegantoemergeandinstitutenewmethodsforsuccessfullytransportingtheseglobalcommodities.Beforetheiremergence,coldchainprocesseswere
mostlymanagedinhousebythemanufacturer.IntheUnitedStates,FoodandDrugAdministrationrestrictionsandaccountabilitymeasuresoverthestabilityofthecoldchainincitedmanyofthesecompaniestorelyonspecialtycouriersratherthancompletelyoverhaulingtheirsupplychainfacilities.Aspecializedindustrywasthusborn.Thevalueofthecoldchaininthepreservationofexpensivevaccinesandmedicalsupplieswasonlybeginningtoberecognizedwhentheselogisticalprovidersstartedtoappear.Asawarenessbegantogrow,sodidtheneedforefficientmanagementofthecoldchain.Therelianceonthecoldchaincontinuestogainimportance.Withinthepharmaceuticalindustryforinstance,thetesting,productionandmovementofdrugsreliesheavilyoncontrolledanduncompromisedtransferofshipments.Alargeportionofthepharmaceuticalproductsthatmovealongthecoldchainareintheexperimentordevelopmentalphase.Clinicalresearchandtrialsisamajorpartoftheindustrythatcostsmillionsofdollars,butonethatalsoexperiencesafailurerateofaround80%.AccordingtotheHealthcareDistributionManagementAssociation,ofthecloseto200billiondollarsinpharmaceuticaldistribution,about10%aredrugsthataretemperaturesensitive.Thismakesthecoldchainresponsiblefortransportinganear20billiondollarinvestment.Iftheseshipmentsshouldexperienceanyunanticipatedexposuretovarianttemperaturelevels,theyruntheriskofbecomingineffectiveorevenharmfultopatients.
Temperaturecontrolintheshipmentoffoodstuffsisacomponentoftheindustrythathascontinuedtoriseinnecessitywithinternationaltrade.Asagrowingnumberofcountriesfocustheirexporteconomyaroundfoodandproduceproduction,theneedtokeeptheseproductsfreshforextendedperiodsoftimehasgainedinimportance.Increasingincomelevelscreateachangeindietwithamongstothersagrowingappetiteforfreshfruitandhighervaluefoodstuffssuchasmeatandfish.Personswithhighersocioeconomicstatusandwithmoreeconomicmeansaremorelikelytoconsumevegetablesandfruit,particularlyfresh,notonlyinhigherquantitiesbutalsoingreatervariety.Consumerswithincreasingpurchasepowerhavebecomepreoccupiedwithhealthyeating,thereforeproducersandretailershaverespondedwithanarrayofexoticfreshfruitsoriginatingfromaroundtheworld.
AnymajorgrocerystorearoundtheworldislikelytocarrytangerinesfromSouthAfrica,applesfromNewZealand,bananasfromCostaRicaandasparagusfromMexico.Thus,acoldchainindustryhasemergedtoservicethesecommoditychains.In2002,anestimated1200billiondollars'
worthoffoodwastransportedbyafleetof400,000refrigeratedcontainers(Reefers).Alone,theUnitedStatesimportsabout30%ofitsfruitsandvegetablesand20%ofitsfoodexportscanbeconsideredperishables.Theuncompromisedqualityandsafetyofthisfoodisoftentakenforgranted,despitebeingthemainreasonbehindtheabilitytosellthefood.Thecoldchainservesthefunctionofkeepingfoodfreshforextendedperiodsandeliminatingdoubtsoverthequalityofthefoodproducts.Inallthesupplychainsitisconcernedwith,coldchainlogisticsfavorhigherlevelsofintegrationsincemaintainingtemperatureintegrityrequiresahigherlevelofcontrolofalltheprocessesinvolved.Itmayevenincitethirdpartylogisticsproviderstoacquireelementsofthesupplychainwheretimeandotherperformancefactorsarethemostimportant,evenfarming.Thismayinvolvetheacquisitionofproducefarms(e.g.oranges)toinsuresupplyreliability.
3.ProvidingTemperatureControlledEnvironments
Thesuccessofindustriesthatrelyonthecoldchaincomesdowntoknowinghowtoshipaproductwithtemperaturecontroladaptedtotheshippingcircumstances.Differentproductsrequiredifferenttemperaturelevelmaintenancetoensuretheirintegritythroughoutthetravelprocess.Forinstance,themostcommontemperaturestandardsare"
banana"
(13?
C),"
chill"
(2?
frozen"
(-18?
C)and"
deepfrozen"
(-29?
C).Stayingwithinthistemperatureisvitaltotheintegrityofashipmentalongthesupplychainandforperishablesitenablestoinsureandoptimalshelflife.Anydivergencecanresultinirrevocableandexpensivedamage;
aproductcansimplyloseanymarketorusefulvalue.
Beingabletoensurethatashipmentwillremainwithinatemperaturerangeforanextendedperiodoftimecomesdownlargelytothetypeofcontainerthatisusedandtherefrigerationmethod.Factorssuchasdurationoftransit,thesizeoftheshipmentandtheambientoroutsidetemperaturesexperiencedareimportantindecidingwhattypeofpackagingisrequired.Theycanrangefromsmallinsulatedboxesthatrequiredryiceorgelpacks,rolling
containers,toa53footerreeferwhichhasitsownpoweredrefrigerationunit.Themajorcold
chaintechnologiesinvolve:
Dryice.Solidcarbondioxide,isabout-80?
Candiscapableofkeepingashipmentfrozenforanextendedperiodoftime.Itisparticularlyusedfortheshippingofpharmaceuticals,dangerousgoodsandfoodstuffs.Dryicedoesnotmelt,insteaditsublimateswhenitcomesincontactwithair.
Gelpacks.Largesharesofpharmaceuticalandmedicinalshipmentsareclassifiedaschilledproducts,whichmeanstheymustbestoredinatemperaturerangebetween2and8?
C.Thecommonmethodtoprovidethistemperatureistousegelpacks,orpackagesthatcontainphasechangingsub
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