昆虫分类学Insect taxonomyWord格式文档下载.docx
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昆虫分类学Insect taxonomyWord格式文档下载.docx
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Asinglepatternspecimendesignatedbytheauthorwhenherecordsthenewspecies,andanotherspecimenoftheoppositesexisapatternspecimen.
Submodel:
whentheauthorrecordsthenewspecies,theremainingspecimensareallsubmodelsexcept1ofwhicharedesignatedaspositivedies.
1Orthoptera:
body~large,chewingmouthpartsandforewingscoveringpronotumdeveloped,wings,hindwingsmembranouswings,theglutealregiondeveloped,orshortwingedorwingless,hindfootmultijump.Herbivorous,asmallnumberofcarnivorous.Thefrontplateiswelldevelopedandleapingfoot
2Homoptera:
small~large,afterthemouth,suckingheadafterbirth,nowings,wingsdonotoverlapauniformtexture,staticwingend,tarsalsection1~3,paurometabolousorpaurometabolic.Phytophagous.Theforewinguniformtexture,wingedortegmina.
3Hemiptera:
small~large,afterthemouth,suckingheadoutfront,asthehemelytra,stationarywingwingendoverlap,3sectionoftarsus.Gradualmetamorphosis.Phytophagousandfewpredatory.Suckingthefrontend,forewinghemielytron
4Coleoptera:
smalltolarge,chewingmouthpartsandforewingsandhindwingselytrummembranouswings,5tarsalsection.Herbivorous,asmallnumberofcarnivorous.Mastication
5Diptera:
smalltolargebody,suckorsuckingmouthpartsandforewingsandhindwingsmembranouswingsbalancerod,tarsalsection5.Completemetamorphosisormetamorphosis,phytophagous,predatory,parasitic,orfoodborne.Thehindwing,suckingorlickingsuctionrod
6Lepidoptera:
small~islarge,Dryopteris,siphoningmouthparts,antennaefiliform,wingsforLepidoptera,tarsalsection5.Larvaefew,halfaquatic,othersallterrestrial,herbivorous,fewpredatoryorparasitic.Siphon,lepidoptera.
7Hymenoptera:
bodytiny~large,chewingorchewingmouthparts,wingsmembranouswings,pulseisveryspecialized,largeandsmall,withwingwinghamuluschain,tarsalsection5.Herbivorous,parasitic,orpredatory.Chewingandsuckingandchewing,membranouswings,smallwings.
8Neuroptera:
smalltolarge,chewingmouthparts,antennaefiliform,wingveinssimilar,reticular,longitudinalveinsinthewingmarginbifurcation,tarsal5,hemimetabolaorhypermetamorphosis.Predation.Veinsreticulatetomarginbifurcate.
(I)twoterms
1
(2)winged......................................................Two
Wingless.............................................Winglesssubclass
2
(1)piercingsuckingmouthparts.......................................Hemiptera
Nonpiercingsuckingmouthparts.............................................Three
3
(2)wings,onepair.............................................Diptera
Wingstwopairs...................................................Four
4(3)proalahorny..........................................Coleoptera
Membranousforewings................................................Five
5(4)wingsnotscaly.............................................Six
Wingscale..........................................Lepidoptera
6(5)femaleabdomenendasting..............................Hymenoptera
Thefemaleendoftheabdomenwithoutstinging.....................Homoptera
Searchtable:
atoolforrapididentificationoftaxa,asimplifiedformofcomparativetextmadebyaclassifierbyselectingconcisefeaturesofknowntaxa.
Orthoptera
Run:
apulse?
Basebetweenthelocustforewingmidveinbasalveinsfreecubitalvein.
1.theapparatusofthegrasshopperislocatedonbothsidesofthefirstsegmentoftheabdomen.Theantennaisshorterthanthebodylength,andtheegglayingapparatushasachisellikeshapeandahindfootleapingstyle.Grasshabitat.
The2.islocatedintheformercricketsubordertometathoracictibiaisshorterthanthelength,angle,ovipositorinterior,frontfootdiggingtype.Terrestrial.
3.ensiferahearinginfrontfoottibia,tentaclesthanbodylength,ovipositordeveloped,wingagromyza.Grassandwater.
Homoptera
Biologicaldifferentiationofinsects?
1)biologicalcharacteristics:
gradualchange:
gradualmetamorphosis,asmallnumberofovermetamorphosis.
2)habitat:
typicalterrestrialspecies,usuallylivingonstems,shoots,andleavesofplants,butnymphsandaphidsalsofeedontherootsofplants.
3)feedinghabitsandactivityhabitsareallplantfeedinghabits,butsomeleafhopperandplanthopperhavebloodsuckingatduskorlamplight.Manyareomnivorous,fewareomnivorousorsingleeating.Mostspecieshaveclustersofstrongphototaxis.Somespeciessuchasriceplanthopper,sogatellafurciferaandleafhopperstolongdistancemigration.
4)spawning:
cicadas,leafhoppersandplanthoppershavedevelopedspawningpetals,eggsinplanttissue;
scaleinsects,aphids,whitefliesetc.psyllidandvalvulae,eggsontheplantsurface.Tabaciandscaleinsectsofthefirstinstarnymphsofpereiopodsdeveloped,active,everywherecrawled,andfindthesuitablehostinordertospread,calledcrawler,tofindsuitablehost,reptilemolting,lostlegsandantennae,entersecondage,fixedcamplife.
5)lifehistory:
thelifehistoryofcicadas,leafhoppersandplanthoppersisrelativelysimple;
thelifehistoryofaphids,whitefliesandscaleinsectsisverycomplex,canoccurthroughouttheyearorparthenogenesis,includingsexualandparthenogeneticgenerations.1andmoregenerationsoccureachyear,andmanylivethroughtheeggs,suchassomeaphidscanproducemorethan40generationsayear.Buttheindividualspecies,suchastheseventeenyearcicada,takeabout17yearstocomplete1generations.
Firstsuborder:
largerbody.Shortfeelers,setaceousorcapillatus;
fromtheheadbelowthebeak;
veinsdeveloped,thereareatleast4forewinglongitudinalveinsextendingfromthebaseofthewings;
tarsalsection3;
female3ofvalvulae.
?
Delphacidae:
small,shoulderboards,pronotumbroad,mesonotumtriangle,mesocoxaaway;
hindtibia2,1fromtheend.
Smallbody:
smallbody.Longtentaclesfiliform;
beakwascoxaebetween1~2extended;
tarsalsection;
veinsdeveloped,therewillbemorethan3forewingveinsfromthebaseofthewings;
femaleovipositorisnotobvious.
Psyllidae:
antennaeendtwobifurcation.
Aphidoidea?
Aphididae:
4~6,secondarysensorytentaclesroundhole,4obliqueveinandMveinwere3,2hindwingswiftmoth,abdominaltube.Oviparous,viviparousbisexualaphidgynoparae.
Eriosomatidae:
6antennalsegmentandsecondarysensoryporehorizontalbeltshapedornearlycircular,4obliquevein,Mforewingveins1~2,hindwing2obliqueveins,abdominaltubedegradation.Oviparous,viviparousbisexualaphidgynoparae.
Adelgidae:
spawningaphidreproduction,the5antennalsegment,feelthehole3~4,obliquevein3,hindwingwingswiftmoth1,noabdominaltubeheadchestandisgreaterthanthelengthoftheabdomen.
Phylloxeridae:
oviparousaphid,the3antennalsegment,feelingholes2,3,proalaswiftmothhaving1branches,noabdominaltubeheadchestandisgreaterthanthelengthoftheabdomen.
Hemiptera
Ashort,concealedantennainthedorsalhornoftheheadandinvisibleontheback.Thefrontfootcatchesthehindfeet,andthehindfeetaremostlyswimmingfeet.Predatory,aquatic,amphibious.
Theantennaearelongandvisibleontheback,feeding,predation,andparasitism.
1Anthocoridae:
small,flatoblong,4antennalsegment,beaksection3~4,dividedinto5districts(marginofforewing,leather,wedge,claw,diaphragm,diaphragm)withoutorwith1~4vein,tarsalsection2~3.Predation,
Commonbuggenus
Miridae:
small,4antennalsegment,beak4,noocelliisdividedinto4zones,noforewings;
wedgeveinsinfilmbasesurroundedby2smallwingsroom;
tarsalsection2~3.Phytophagousandpartiallypredatory.Nearlytenthousandkinds.
2Lygaeidae:
bodylength,smalltomedium,the4antennalsegment,beaksection3~4,amonocular;
wingedorwingless,forewingdiaphragmlongitudinalveins4~5;
tarsalsection3.Mostofthemareherbivorousandfewpredatory
Redbug:
itsbodyisoblong.The4antennalsegment,beak4,noocelli;
forewingoftenYouyuanspots,ormorethan5diaphragmlongitudinalveinsreticulatetarsalsection3.Phytophagous.
Coleoptera
Thechest,chest,andwebextendposteriorlyattheanteriorfootofthebase,calledtheanteriorcervicalplate.
Thecurrentwebprocessthroughthechestfrontcoxaeafterwide,closedfrontfootacetabulum,calledforefootacetabulumclosed;
onthecontrary,calledtheanteriorcoxaeopenpit.
Thereare6maintypesoftarsus:
1.,fivesection,tarsustype5-5-5;
2.pseudofoursectionsorhiddenfiveclasses,thatis,thetarsusisactually5,butthethirdsectionisrelativelylarge,doubleleaf,fourthshort,difficulttoseefromabove;
3.differenttarsus,tarsustype5-5
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