美概笔记Word文档下载推荐.docx
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美概笔记Word文档下载推荐.docx
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TheBaldEagle
TheNationalflower:
Rose
TheNationalemblem:
二、GeographyofU.S.A.
TheUnitedStatesis9,372,614k㎡insize,withitscontinentextending4,505kmeasttowest,2574kmnorthtosouth.It’sthefourthlargestcountryintheworld.
AflightfromNewYorktoSanFranciscotakesfiveandahalfhours.Atripbycarfromcoasttocoasttakesfivetosixdays
TheTopList:
Thelargeststate:
Alaska
Thesmalleststate:
RhodeIsland
Themostpopulousstate:
California
Theleastpopulousstate:
Wyoming
Thelargestcities:
NewYorkCity,LosAngeles,Chicago,SanFrancisco,andPhiladelphia
三、AmericanPopulation
Ithasapopulationof305,529,000(Jan.1st,2009)
Ethnicgroups(MeltingPot)(大熔炉)
四、NationalLanguage?
IsEnglishtheofficiallanguage?
-“Nope”.
Thereisnoofficiallanguage,butEnglishispopularandpredominant.
PeoplespeakSpanish,French,Germany,Chinese,Japaneseetc.athomeoratwork.
Englishfluencyisimportantinsociallifeandisrequiredtogaincitizenship.
五、AmericanCities
TheUSAischaracterizedbyit’scitiesandurbanareas
TheUSAishighlyurbanizedwhencomparedtomostothercountries
3、81%ofAmericansliveincitiesorsuburbs,whiletheworldaverageis49%.
Peopleareattractedbysomefamouscities,suchasNewYork,LosAngeles,Chicago,SanFranciscoandBoston.
LessonTwo:
AmericanBeginnings
Twoimmigrationmovements
FromAsia---AmericanIndians
FromEurope---ChristopherColumbus
AmerigoVespucci(亚美利哥•韦斯普奇)
HeprovedthatthelanddiscoveredbyColumbuswasnotIndia,butanewcontinent.Therefore,thelandwasnamedAmericaafterhim.
IITheColonialPeriod(1607-1776)
EarlySettlement
Jamestown
PuritanNewEngland
QuakerPennsylvania
1、Jamestown---FirstSettlement
◆In1607theEnglishestablishedtheirfirstcolonyinAmerica,atJamestown,Virginia.
◆VirginiaisnamedinhonorofQueenElizabeth,theVirginQueen.
◆Jamestownwasnamedfortheruler,KingJames.
◆144EnglishmentoVirginia,100survived
◆Huntforgoldandwealth
TwothingsinVirginia
✧TransplantingtobaccointothecolonyofVirginia.In1619
✧ThefirstblackswerebroughttoVirginiain1619
2、PuritanNewEngland—TheSecondSettlement
Puritans(清教徒)
agroupofpeoplethoughtthattheChurchofEnglandwastoocatholicandwantedtopurifythechurch,separatedthemselvesfromtheChurchofEngland
PilgrimJourney
thePilgrimFathers(清教徒先驱)whosailedintheMayflowerin1620,Insearchofreligiousfreedom,settledatPlymouth,Massachusetts.
MayflowerCompact(五月花公约)
◆Thefirstgoverningdocumentofthecolony
◆Formtheirownreligiouscommunityandsetupacivilgovernment
◆Forthegeneralgoodofthecolony
CulturalHeritageofPuritans
✧Hardwork
✧Respectofeducation
✧Thanksgiving
3、QuakerPennsylvania(贵格派)
◆QuakersweresofaithfultoGodthatwhentheyspokeofGod,theytrembled(quake)
◆believethatallpeoplearecreatedequalintheeyesofGod.
Pennsylvania(宾夕法尼亚)
◆FoundedbyWilliamPenn
◆GrantedfromKingCharlesII
◆Named"
Penn'
swoods"
.
◆Philadelphia:
QuakerCity
Penn’sHolyExperiment
◆Religiousfreedom
◆EasytermsforLand(getsomelandfornothing)
◆self-government
◆AmericanfoundingfatherssuchasThomasJeffersonandBenjaminFranklinwereinspiredbyPenn’sexperiment
TheIndependenceWarofAmerica(1763-1783)
TheFirst13Colonies
佐治亚,南卡罗来纳,北卡罗来纳,弗吉尼亚,马里兰,特拉华,宾夕法尼亚,新泽西,康涅狄格,新罕布什尔,纽约,马萨诸塞,罗得岛
CausesofWar
✧TheEnglishpeopleandEuropeansinthe13EnglishcolonieswerereadytoseparatethemselvesfromtheOldWorld.
✧Britishgovernmentbegantochargenewtaxes(TheStampTax印花税)(TheTeaTax茶税)
BostonTeaParty
DuringtheBostonTeaPartyin1773,AmericancolonistssnuckonboardthreeBritishtradeshipsanddumpedmorethan300chestsofteaintoBostonHarbor.TheythrewtheteaoverboardtoprotestGreatBritain’staxontea.
BattlesofLexingtonandConcord
ThefirstfightingoftheAmericanRevolutiontookplaceinApril1775atLexingtonandConcord,Massachusetts.AmericancolonistsshotatBritishsoldiers,whohadcometotakeawaythecolonists’weapons.
TheAmericanWarofIndependenceBegan.
TheDeclarationofIndependence
OnJuly4,1776,theContinentalCongressadoptedaDeclarationofIndependence,draftedbyThomasJefferson,JohnAdamsandBenjaminFranklin.
TheWarofIndependenceofficiallyBegan.July4th,TheNationalday
TheBritishSurrenderatYorktown
InOctober1781,BritishgeneralGeorgeCornwallissurrenderedtoAmericangeneralGeorgeWashingtonatYorktown,Virginia.TheTreatyofParis
In1783,BritishrecognizedtheindependenceoftheUnitedStates.Anewnationwasborn
FoundingFathersoftheUnitedStates
ThomasJefferson(1743–1826)
◆oneofthemostinfluentialFoundersoftheUnitedStates
◆principleauthoroftheDeclarationofIndependence.
◆thethirdUSApresident
GeorgeWashington(1732–1799)
◆thefirstPresidentoftheUnitedStates(1789–97)
◆the"
FatherofhisCountry"
BenjaminFranklin(1706-1790)
◆oneofthemostprominentoftheFounders
◆writingtheDeclarationofIndependenceandmakingtheU.S.Constitution.
LessonThree:
ThePoliticalSysteminTheUnitedStates
ArticlesofConfederation(联邦条例)
◆Congress:
aweaknationalgovernment
◆Eachstatehaditsowngovernment,madeitsownlawsandhandleditsinternalaffairs.
◆TheCongresshadonlylimitedpower
◆theArticlesofConfederationfailed.
TheU.S.Constitution(美国宪法)
◆TheConstitutionoftheUnitedStatesofAmericaisthesupremelawoftheUnitedStates.
◆ItprovidestheframeworkfortheorganizationoftheUnitedStatesGovernment.
◆In1787,inPhiladelphia,Thedelegatesfrom12states(ExceptRhodeIsland),holdaconstitutionalconventiontorevisetheArticlesofConfederation.
◆anewconstitution
◆afederalsystemwithastrongcentralgovernment.
UnitedStatesGovernment
TheConstitutionoftheUnitedStatesdescribeshowthecountryshouldbegoverned.Itdividesthenationalgovernmentintothreebranches.
Thestructureofthefederalgovernment
1、Legislativebranch(立法机构)
◆TheU.S.Congress(国会)isthelegislativebranch.Itistheonlybranchmakeslaws.
◆TheCongresscontainstwoparts:
theHouseofRepresentatives(众议院)andtheSenate(参议院).
LegislativeBranch
theHouseoftheSenate
Representatives
◆TheHouseofRepresentativesconsistsof435votingmembers,andservesfortwoyears.
◆100senators(2fromeachstate),serveforsixyears
Howtomakelaws?
2、ExecutiveBranch(行政机构)
ThePresident
✧ThechiefexecutiveofU.S.A.
✧Iselectedtoafour-yearterm
✧Canbeelectedtoonlytwoterms
ThePowerofPresident?
◆Appointfederaljudges
◆Thecommanderinchiefofthearmy
◆Runningthegovernmentdepartments
◆Handlingforeignrelations
3、JudicialBranch(司法机构)
◆TheSupremeCourtisthehighestcourtinthefederalcourtsystem
◆Ithas1Chiefjudgeand8associatejudges
◆Itcandeclarethelawunconstitutional
4、ChecksandBalances(权利制衡)
Thepowersofonelimitthoseoftheother
e.g.“Impeachment”弹劾(TheHouseofRepresentatives)
BillofRights(权利法案)
◆Consistsofthefirst10amendments(修正案)whichwereaddedtotheConstitutionin1791
◆Guaranteefreedomandindividualrights
◆Suchasfreedomofspeech,therighttoassembleinpublicplaces,therighttoownweaponsandsoon.
◆Therewere16otheramendmentstotheConstitutionin1991.
◆So,thereare26amendmentstotheU.SConstitution.
TwoPoliticalParties
✧DemocraticParty---WillofPeople
✧RepublicParty---Ruleoflaw
DemocraticParty
◆In1828,AndrewJacksonbecamethefirstPresidentfromDemocraticParty
◆Bemoreliberal
◆Thesymbolisthedonkey
RepublicParty
◆In1861,AbrahamLincolnbecamethefirstPresidentfromRepublicParty
◆Bemoreconservative
◆Thesymbolistheelephant
Smallgovernment
Privateenterprise
Donotsupportabortion,same-sexmarriage
Biggovernment
Helpingthepoor,provideemployment,socialsecurity
Same-sexmarriage,cloning
AbrahamLincoln(1861-65)
RichardM.Nixon(1969-1974)
GeorgeW.Bush(2001-09)
AndrewJackson(1828-1836)
BillClinton(1993-2001)
BarackObama(2009-)
LessonFour:
EconomyintheUnitedStatesofAmerica
I、OverviewofU.S.Economy
vWhentheUnitedStatesSneezes,therestoftheworldcatchesacold.----aneconomists’proverb
II、IndustrialRevolution
vTheIndustrialRevolutioninEnglandduringthe18thcenturybrought
manychangestoAmericanindustrybetween1776and1860.
Changes:
v1、Factorysystem
v2、MassProduction
v3、Newtechnologies
v4、Newformsofbusinessorganization
1、IntroductionofFactorySystem
vThesuccessofhisfactoryturnedthenortheasternregionoftheUnitedStatesintoanimportantmanufacturingcenter.
vIn1793,SamuelSlater(塞缪尔·
斯莱特)builtthefirstfactoryintheU.S---acottonclothfactoryinPawtucket,RhodeIsland.
2、AmericanSystemofMassProduction
vEliWhitney(埃尔·
惠特尼)inventedthecottongin(轧棉机),whichmaderemovingtheseedsfromthebolls(棉桃)ofcottonmucheasier.
vHealsobeganmanufacturingrifleswithmachinery,usinginterchangeable(可互换的)part.
3、NewTechnologies
SewingMachine、Television、Telegraph、Telephone
4、NewFormsofBusinessOrganization
vThebankandthecorporation
vThe
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