The Effects of Language Transfer on English Learning 语言迁移现象对英语学习的影响Word格式.docx
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The Effects of Language Transfer on English Learning 语言迁移现象对英语学习的影响Word格式.docx
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英语
年级班级:
08级英语1班
制表日期:
2012年3月7日
摘要
语言迁移现象一直为人们关注和探讨,并在第二语言习得理论和研究中占有重要地位,它与英语学习者能否学好英语有重大关系。
在语言学习过程中,第一语言对第二语言学习产生影响的现象就是语言迁移。
语言迁移分为正迁移和负迁移,正迁移是指个体已经获得的语言(通常为母语),对第二语言的学习产生积极促进的作用;
反之负迁移则是指个体先前习得的语言对第二语言的习得产生的阻碍作用。
本文主要在回顾语言迁移理论的基础上,通过调查问卷的形式了解到汉语语言的正负迁移现象影响英语语言输入(听和读)和输出(说和写)的因素,并总结概括出一些能促进英语学习中语言的正迁移,尽量避免其负迁移的方法,希望能够帮助英语学习者更好地学习英语。
关键词:
语言迁移;
正迁移;
负迁移;
语言输入;
语言输出
Abstract
Languagetransfer,whichlinguistshavepaidattentionto,playsasignificantroleintheoryandresearchofsecondlanguageacquisition,andiscloselylinkedwithEnglishlearners’Englishlearning.Inlanguagelearning,transferistheinfluenceofthefirstlanguageonthesecondlanguageacquisition.Languagetransfercanbeclassifiedintopositivetransferandnegativetransfer.Thepositivetransferreferstofacilitatingeffectsofthelanguagealreadyobtainedbyindividual,especiallythefirstlanguage,onthesecondlanguageacquisition.Conversely,thenegativetransferreferstodetrimentaleffectsofthefirstlanguageonsecondlanguageacquisition.Basedonareviewoflanguagetransfertheories,thisstudywillprobethefactorsoftheeffectsofpositivetransferandnegativetransferofChineseonEnglishinput(listeningandreading)andoutput(speakingandwriting)throughthequestionnaire.AndthedissertationwillsummarizesomewaystopromotethepositivetransferandavoidthenegativetransferinEnglishlearningtohelpEnglishlearnerslearnitmoreeffectively.
Keywords:
languagetransfer;
positivetransfer;
negativetransfer;
languageinput;
languageoutput
Contents
1.Introduction……………………………………………………..………………
1
2.Literaturereview……………………………………….……...………….…..
3
3.Effectsoflanguagetransfer:
Astudybasedonaquestionnaire…....
6
3.1Questionstobeansweredinthisstudy……………………………………...
3.2Designofquestionnaire………………………………………………….…….
3.3DataCollectionandDataAnalysis…………………………………….…….
7
3.4Findings……………………………………….……………………….………
8
3.4.1Oninput…………….…………………………………………………...
3.4.1.1EffectsoflanguagetransferonEnglishlistening……………..
3.4.1.2EffectsoflanguagetransferonEnglishreading……...............
11
3.4.2Onoutput………………………………………………………………..
13
3.4.2.1EffectsoflanguagetransferonEnglishspeaking…………….
3.4.2.2EffectsoflanguagetransferonEnglishwriting………………
15
4.Conclusion………………………………………….…………………………..
18
Notes………………………………………….………………………………….….
19
Bibliography………………………………………….…………….………….…..
20
Acknowledgements…………….…………………….…………………….……..
..…
Appendix………………………………………….…………………………………
1.Introduction
ItisnotunusualtofoundthatlotsofEnglishlearnerscan’tapplyEnglishproficientlythoughtheyhavestudiedEnglishformanyyearsorpassedkindsofEnglishtests,likePET,CETandTEM.Butwhy?
Thereasonsmaybediverseandcomplicated.Butlanguagetransfer,whichplaysanimportantroleinEnglishlearningwhenlearnersareinanativelanguageenvironment,isoneofthemainreasons.
Languagetransfer,whichlinguistshavepaidattentionto,playsasignificantroleintheoryandresearchofsecondlanguageacquisition,andiscloselylinkedwithEnglishlearners’Englishlearning.Languagetransferincludespositivetransferandnegativetransfer.Theformeristhefacilitatinginfluenceofcognatevocabularyoranyothersimilaritiesbetweenthenativeandthetargetlanguage,whilethelatterisafallingbackofdifferencebetweenthenativeandthetargetlanguage.JustlikewhatOdlinsaid,“Transferistheinfluenceresultingfromsimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweenthetargetlanguageandanyotherlanguagethathasbeenpreviously(perhapsimperfectly)acquired”.Thereforewhentherearebigdifferencesorsimilaritiesbetweenthenativeandthetargetlanguage,thenegativetransferintheprocessofacquisitionofthetargetlanguagewillcorrespondinglyappear.
Languagetransferhasbeenacentralissueinappliedlinguistics,secondlanguageacquisition,andlanguageteachingforatleastacentury.Althoughtherehavebeenalargenumberofstudiesonlanguagetransfer,theproblemsoflanguageacquisitionindailylifeareinsuspense,andmorepracticalstudiesandmethodstosolvetheseproblemsareneeded.Soweshouldpaymoreattentiontotheeffectoflanguagetransferintheprocessoflanguageacquisition,andmakeeffortstopromotepositivetransferandtrytominimizenegativetransfer.
BehavioristaccountsofL2acquisitionproposeadirectrelationshipbetweeninputandoutput.Intheprocessoflanguageacquisition,foranyforeignlanguagelearners,tocomprehendandassimilatethelanguage,namelyinput,goesfirst.Itmeansthatfirstwemustinputtheknowledgeofthetargetlanguagethroughlisteningandreading.Andthenwegraduallydeveloptheabilitytooutputthetargetlanguage.Butwhatisinput?
AccordingtoEllis’words,inputisusedtorefertothelanguagethatisaddressedtotheL2learnereitherbyanativespeakerorbyanotherL2learnerorlanguagewhichlearnersareexposedto.Moreprosaically,inputisashortwordfor"
sentencesthatyoureadandlistento"
.TakeEnglishasanexample,firstanEnglishlearnergetsinput—hereadsandlistenstosentencesinEnglish.Ifheunderstandsthesesentences,theyarestoredinhisbrain.Morespecifically,theyarestoredinthepartofhisbrainresponsibleforlanguage.Theacquisitionofthesymbolsandstructuresoftargetlanguagebeginsfromourperceptionorgans,earsandeyes,thenthemind,whichistheinputofthetargetlanguage,andsuchinputisveryimportant.AnFengcunsaidinhisdissertation“Foranylanguagelearner,tocomprehendthetargetlanguageisveryimportant,theessenceoflanguagecomprehensionisthesame,whichistograspthemeaningofthelanguage.”KrashenandLonghavearguedstronglythatSLAisdependentontheavailabilityofcomprehensibleinputbeforethelearners’internalprocessingmechanismcanwork.Ifonereallywantstolearnasecondlanguagewell,firsthehastohaveanabundantinput.Andoutputistheoppositeofinput,whichmeans"
producingsentencesbyspeakingandwriting"
.Buthowisitpossiblethatonecanspeakhisnativelanguagesoeasily?
Hewanttosaysomething(expresssomemeaning),andcorrectphrasesandsentencesjustcometohim.Mostofthisprocessisunconscious:
somethingjustappearsinhishead.Hecansayitornot,buthedoesn’tknowwhereitcomesfrom.Whenhewantstosayorwritesomethinginthatlanguage(whenhewantstoproduceoutput),hisbraincanlookforasentencethathehasheardorreadbefore—asentencethatmatchesthemeaninghewantstoexpress.Then,heimitatesthesentence(producesthesamesentenceorasimilarone)andhesayshis"
own"
sentenceinthelanguage.Thisprocessisunconscious:
thebraindoesitautomatically.Wecanspeakandwriteintargetlanguageafterwelistenandreadmore.Theessenceoflanguageexpressionisalsoimportant,whichisacompetencetoapplythetargetlanguage.Whenwebegantolearnatargetlanguage,firstwemustinputtheknowledgeoftargetlanguagethroughlisteningandreading.Listeningandreadingbelongtotheinputcategoryoflanguagestudy.Andspeakingandwritingbelongtothecategoryofoutput.
Thesetwocategoriesarebothkeycomponentsinlanguagestudy.Whenwestudyasecondlanguage,wejustbegintouseanotherlanguagesymbolsandstructurestoexpressthemeaningsofthelanguagewehaveacquired.Buttheacquisitionofthenewsymbolsandstructuresisinfluencedbytheprevioussymbolsandstructuresinourminds.Therefore,therulesofpreviouslanguageareimportantinsecondlanguageacquisitionandweshouldacquireasecondlanguagebycontrastbetweenmothertongueandthetargetlanguage,andtrybesttopromotepositivetransferandavoidnegativetransferbetweenlanguages.
Thispaperiscomposedoffourparts:
introduction,literaturereview,astudyofeffectsoflanguagetransferbasedonaquestionnaireandconclusion.Thepurposeandsignificanceofthisstudy,aswellasthedefinitionoflanguagetransfer,languageinputandlanguageoutputarepresentedinthepartofintroduction.Basedonalotofrelateddocuments,thesecondpartreviewsthepreviousstudiesandthecurrentsituationoftheresearchathomeandabroad,andconfirmstheresearchrangeofthethesisandresearchapproach.Thethirdpartdescribestheprogressofthequestionnaire,statesthecausesandeffectsoflanguagetransfer,andsummarizessomefeasibleandpracticalmethodstohelpEnglishlearnerslearnEnglish.Andthelastpartreviewsthefindingsofthisstudyandconcludestheshortcomingofthisstudy.ThroughdetaileddescriptionoftheimpactofChinesetransferonEnglishlearningfromtheaspectsoflanguageinput(listeningandreading)andoutput(speakingandwriting),thispaperputsforwardrelevantmeasuresforthepromotionofthepositiveinfluenceandthepreventionofthenegativeinfluenceofChinesetransferonEnglishlearning.
2.Literaturereview
Languagetransferreferstotheeffectsofmothertongueonthesecondlanguageacquisition,includingeffectsonlanguage,suchaspronunciation,vocabulary,grammar,semantics,etc.Theeffectsofmothertonguealsolieinextralinguisticaspects,suchasthinkingmode,culturaltraditionandsocialhistory.
Transfercanbedividedintopositivetransferandnegativetransfer.Positivetransfer,whichplaysapromotingrole,ariseswhentherulesofmothertongueandthetargetlanguagearethesameorsimilartoeachother.Butnegativetransfer
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- 关 键 词:
- The Effects of Language Transfer on English Learning 语言迁移现象对英语学习的影响 语言 迁移 现象 英语 学习 影响
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