语言学教学提纲Word格式文档下载.docx

语言学教学提纲Word格式文档下载.docx

《语言学教学提纲Word格式文档下载.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《语言学教学提纲Word格式文档下载.docx（10页珍藏版）》请在冰豆网上搜索。

Ingeneral,linguisticchangeingrammarismorenoticeablethanthatinthesoundsystemandthevocabularyofalanguage.

9. 

Thesoundchangesincludechangesinvowelsounds,andintheloss,gainandmovementofsounds.

10. 

Theleastwidely-spreadmorphologicalchangesinthehistoricaldevelopmentofEnglisharethelossandadditionofaffixes.

11. 

InOldEnglish,themorphosyntacticruleofadjectiveagreementstipulatedthattheendingsofadjectivemustagreewiththeheadnounincase,numberandgender.

12. 

ThewordorderofModernEnglishismorevariablethanthatofOldEnglish.

13. 

Derivationreferstotheprocessbywhichnewwordsareformedbytheadditionofaffixestotheroots,stems,orwords.

14. 

“Smog”isawordformedbytheword-formingprocesscalledacronymy.

15. 

“fridge”isawordformedbyabbreviation.

16. 

Modernlinguistsareabletoprovideaconsistentaccountfortheexactcausesofalltypesoflanguagechange.

17. 

Soundassimilationmaybringaboutthelossofoneoftwophoneticallysimilarsyllablesinsequence,asinthecaseofchangeof“Engla-land”to“England”.

18. 

Ruleelaborationoccurswhenthereisaneedtoreduceambiguityandincreasecommunicativeclarityorexpressiveness.

19. 

Languagechangeisalwaysachangetowardsthesimplificationoflanguagerules

20. 

Thewaychildrenacquirethelanguageisoneofthecausesforlanguagechange.

II.Fillineachofthefollowingblankswithonewordwhichbeginswiththelettergiven:

21. 

H________linguisticsisthesubfieldoflinguisticsthatstudieslanguagechange.

22. 

Thehistoricalstudyoflanguageisad________studyoflanguageratherthanasynchronicstudy.

23. 

EuropeanR________MovementseparatestheperiodofMiddleEnglishfromthatofmodernEnglish.

24. 

Animportantsetofextensivesoundchanges,whichaffected7longortensevowelsandwhichledtooneofthemajordiscrepanciesbetweenphonemicrepresentationsofwordsandmorphemesattheendoftheMiddleEnglishPeriod,isknownastheGreatV_______Shift.

25. 

A_______involvesthedeletionofaword-finalvowelsegment.

26. 

Achangethatinvolvestheinsertionofaconsonantorvowelsoundtothemiddleofawordisknownas 

e__________.

27. 

ThethreesetsofconsonantshiftsthatGrimmdiscoveredbecameknowncollectivelyasGrimmsL____.

28. 

Soundchangeasaresultofsoundmovement,knownasm_______,involvesareversalinpositionoftwoadjoiningsoundsegments.

29. 

B________isaprocessbywhichnewwordsareformedbytakingawaythesupposedsuffixesofexitingwords.

30. 

Semanticb________referstotheprocessinwhichthemeaningofawordbecomesmoregeneralorinclusivethanitshistoricallyearlierdenotation.

31. 

Theoriginalformofalanguagefamilythathasceasedtoexistiscalledthep_________.

32. 

Sounda________referstothephysiologicaleffectofonesoundonanother.Inthisprocess,successivesoundsaremadeidenticalorsimilartooneanotherintermsofplaceormannerofarticulation.

33. 

Inordertoreducetheexceptionalorirregularmorphemes,speakersofaparticularlanguagemayborrowarulefromonepartofthegrammarandapplyitgenerally.Thisphenomenoniscalledi_________borrowing.

34. 

Byidentifyingandcomparingsimilarlinguisticformswithsimilarmeaningsacrossrelatedlanguages,historicallinguistsreconstructtheprotoforminthecommonancestrallanguage.Thisprocessiscalledc________reconstruction.

35. 

Them____ruleofadjectiveagreementhasbeenlostfromEnglish.

III.Therearefourchoicesfollowingeachstatement.Markthechoicethatcanbestcompletethestatement:

36. 

Historicallinguisticsexplores________________.

A. 

thenatureoflanguagechange

B. 

thecausesthatleadtolanguagechange

C. 

therelationshipbetweenlanguages

D.alloftheabove

37. 

Languagechangeis______________.

A. 

universal,continuousand,toalargeextent,regularandsystematic

continuous,regular,systematic,butnotuniversal

C. 

universal,continuous,butnotregularandsystematic

D. 

alwaysregularandsystematic,butnotuniversalandcontinuous

38. 

ModernEnglishperiodstartsroughly_____________.

from449to1100

from1500tothepresent

from1100tothepresent

from1700tothepresent

39. 

OldEnglishdatesbacktothemid-fifthcenturywhen_________.

theNormanFrenchinvadersunderWilliamtheConquerorarrivedinEngland

theprintingtechnologywasinvented

Anglo-SaxonsinvadedtheBritishIslesfromnorthernEurope

theCelticpeoplebegantoinhabitEngland

40. 

MiddleEnglishwasdeeplyinfluencedby___________.

NormanFrenchinvocabularyandgrammar

GreekandLatinbecauseoftheEuropeanrenaissancemovement

DanishlanguagesbecauseDenmarkplacedakingonthethroneofEngland

theCelticpeoplewhowerethefirstinhabitantsofEngland

41. 

Languagechangeisessentiallyamatterofchange________.

A.incollocations 

B.inmeaning

C.ingrammar 

D.inusages

42. 

InOldandMiddleEnglish,both/k/and/n/intheword“knight”werepronounced,butinmodernEnglish,/k/inthesound/kn-/clusterswasnotpronounced.Thisphenomenonisknownas________.

A.soundaddition 

B.soundloss

C.soundshift 

D.soundmovement

43. 

Achangethatinvolvestheinsertionofaconsonantorvowelsoundtothemiddleofawordisknownas_____.

A.apocope 

B.epenthesis

C.parenthesis 

D.antithesis

44. 

Segmentswitchofsoundpositionscanbeseenintheexampleofthemodernword“bird”whichcomesfromtheoldEnglishword“bridd”.Thechangeofthewordfrom“bridd”to“bird”isacaseof_________.

A.metathesis 

C.soundaddition 

D.apocope

45. 

_________isaprocessofcombiningtwoormorewordsintoonelexicalunit.

A.Derivation 

B.Blending

C.Compounding 

D.Abbreviation

46. 

“Wife”,whichusedtorefertoanywoman,standsfor“amarriedwoman”inmodernEnglish.Thisphenomenonisknownas________.

A.semanticshift 

B.semanticbroadening

C.semanticelevation 

D.semanticnarrowing

47. 

Englishlanguagebelongsto_________.

A.Indo-EuropeanFamily 

B.Sino-TibetanFamily

C.AustronesianFamily 

D.AfroasiaticFamily

48. 

Byanalogytothepluralformationoftheword“dog-s”,speakersstartedsaying“cows”asthepluralof“cow”insteadoftheearlierplural“kine”.Thisisthecaseof_________.

A.elaboration 

B.externalborrowing

C.soundassimilation 

D.internalborrowing

49. 

Morphologcialchangescaninvolve__________.

thelossofmorphologicalrules

theadditionofmorphologicalrules

thealterationofmorphologicalrules

alloftheabove

50. 

Themostdramaticmorphologicallossconcernsthelossof________.

comparativemarkers

tensemarkers

genderandcasemarkers

noneoftheabove 

IV.Definethefollowingterms:

51.Apocope 

52.Metathesis 

53.Derivation 

54.back-formation 

55.semanticnarrowing 

56.protolanguage 

57.haplology 

58.epenthesis 

59.Compounding 

60.Blending 

61.semanticbroadening 

62.semanticshift 

63.GreatVowelShift 

64.acronym 

65.soundassimilation 

V.Answerthefollowingquestions:

66. 

Whatisthepurposeorsignificanceofthehistoricalstudyoflanguage?

67. 

Whatarethecharacteristicsofthenatureoflanguagechange?

68. 

WhatarethemajorperiodsinthehistoryofEnglish?

69. 

Aslanguagechangesovertime,themeaningofawordmaydeviatefromitsoriginaldenotation.Discussthemajortypesofsemanticchanges.

70. 

OvertheyearsfromOldEnglishperiodtotheModernEnglishperiod,Englishhasundergonesomemajorsoundchanges.Illustratethesechangeswithsomeexamples.

71. 

Whatarethemostwidely-spreadmorphologicalchangesinthehistoricaldevelopmentofEnglish?

72. 

Whatarethecausesoflanguagechange?

Discussthemindetail.

Chapter7 

HistoricalLinguistics

I.DecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsisTrueorFalse:

l.T 

2.T 

3.T 

4.F 

5.F 

6.T 

7.F 

8.F 

9.T 

10.F

11.T 

12.F 

13.T 

14.F 

15.F 

16.F 

17.T 

18.T 

19.F 

20.T

21.Historical 

22.diachronic 

23.Renaissance 

24.Vowel

25.Apocope 

26.epenthesis