1997八级改错真题Word文档格式.docx
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1997八级改错真题Word文档格式.docx
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isinherentlymorepreciseandsubtlethanEnglish.
Thisexampledoesnotcometolightadefectin6___
English,ashowofunexpected'
primitiveness'
.The
positionissimplyandobviouslythattheEskimosand
theEnglishliveinsimilarenvironments.7___
TheEnglishlanguagewillbejustasrichinterms8___
fordifferentkindsofsnowiftheenvironmentsin
whichEnglishwashabituallyusedmadesuchdistinc-
tionasimportant.9__
Similarly,wehavenoreasontodoubtthattheEs-
kimolanguagecouldbeaspreciseandsubtleonthe
subjectofmotormanufactureorcricketifthesetopics
formedthepartoftheEskimos'
life.10__
2.2009年真题
Theprevioussectionhasshownhowquicklya
rhymepassesfromoneschoolchildtothenextand
illustratesthefurtherdifferencebetweenschoollore1__________
andnurserylore.Innurseryloreaverse,learntin
earlychildhood,isnotusuallypassedonagainwhen2__________
thelittlelistenerhasgrownup,andhaschildrenof
theirown,orevengrandchildren.Theperiodbetween3__________
learninganurseryrhymeandtransmittingitmaybe
somethingfromtwentytoseventyyears.Withtheplayground4__________
lore,therefore,arhymemaybeexcitedlypassedon5__________
withintheveryhouritislearnt;
andinthegeneral,6__________
itpassesbetweenchildrenofthesameage,ornearly
so,sinceitisuncommonforthedifferenceinage
betweenplaymatestobemorethanfiveyears.If,
therefore,aplaygroundrhymecanbeshowntohave
beencurrentlyforahundredyears,orevenjustforfifty,7__________
itfollowsthatithasbeenretransmittingoverandover;
8__________
verypossiblyithaspassedalongachainoftwoor
threehundredyounghearersandtellers,andthewon-
deristhatitremainsliveaftersomuchhandling,9__________
toletalonethatitbearsresemblancetotheoriginal10__________
wording.
3.2008年真题
Thedesiretouselanguageasasignofnational
identityisaverynaturalone,andinresultlanguage1__________
hasplayedaprominentpartinnationalmoves.Men2__________
haveoftenfelttheneedtocultivateagivenlanguage
toshowthattheyaredistinctivefromanotherrace3__________
whosehegemonytheyresent.Atthetimethe4___________
UnitedStatessplitofffromBritain,forexample,there
wereproposalsthatindependenceshouldbelinguistic-
allyacceptedbytheuseofadifferentlanguagefrom5__________
thoseofBritain.Therewasevenoneproposalthat6__________
AmericansshouldadoptHebrew.Othersfavouredthe
adoptionofGreek,thought,asonemanputit,things
wouldcertainlybesimplerforAmericansifthey
stuckontoEnglishandmadetheBritishlearnGreek.7__________
Attheend,aseveryoneknows,thetwocountries8__________
adoptedthepracticalandsatisfactorysolutionof
carryingwiththesamelanguageasbefore.9__________
Sincenearlytwohundredyearsnow,theyhave
showntheworldthatpoliticalindependenceandna-10__________
tionalidentitycanbecompletewithoutsacrificingthe
enormousmutualadvantagesofacommonlanguage.
4.2007年真题
Fromwhathasbeensaid,itmustbeclearthat
noonecanmakeverypositivestatementsabouthow
languageoriginated.Thereisnomaterialinanylan-
guagetodayandintheearliestrecordsofancientlan-1_____________
guagesshowuslanguageinanewandemergingstate.2_____________
Itisoftensaid,ofcourse,thatthelanguageoriginated3_____________
incriesofanger,fear,painandpleasure,andthe4_____________
necessaryevidenceisentirelylacking:
thereareno
remotetribes,noancientrecords,providingevidence
ofalanguagewithalargeproportionofsuchcriesthan
wefindinEnglish.Itistruethattheabsenceofsuch5_____________
evidencedoesnotdisprovethetheory,butinother6____________
groundstoothetheoryisnotveryattractive.Peopleof
allracesandlanguagesmakerathersimilarnoisesin
returntopainorpleasure.Thefactthatsuchnoises
aresimilaronthelipsofFrenchmenandMalaysians7____________
whoselanguagesareutterlydifferent,servesto
emphasizeonthefundamentaldifferencebetween8____________
thesenoisesandlanguageproper.Wemaysaythat
thecriesofpainorchortlesofamusementarelargely
reflexactions,instinctivetolargeextent,whereaslanguage9____________
properdoesnotconsistofsignsbutofthesethat10___________
havetobelearntandthatarewhollyconventional.
5.2006年真题
Weuselanguageprimarilyasameansofcommu-
nicationwithotherhumanbeings.Eachofusshares
withthecommunityinwhichweliveastoreofwords
andmeaningsaswellasagreeingconventionsastothe1___________
wayinwhichwordsshouldbearrangedtoconvey2____________
aparticularmessage;
theEnglishspeakerhasinhis
disposalavocabularyandasetofgrammaticalrules3____________
whichenableshimtocommunicatehisthoughtsand4____________
feelings,inavarietyofstyles,totheotherEnglish5____________
speakers.Hisvocabulary,inparticular,boththat
whichheusesactivelyandthatwhichherecognizes,
increasesinsizeashegrowsold,asaresultofeduca-6___________
tionandexperience.But,whetherthelanguagestore
isrelativelysmallorlarge,thesystemremainsno
morethanapsychologicalrealityfortheindividual,
beseenbyanothermemberofhislinguisticcommunity;
7___________
hehastogivethesystemaconcretetransmission
form.Wetakeitforgrantedthetwomostcommon8____________
formsoftransmission—bymeansofsoundsproduced
byourvocalorgans(speech)orbyvisualsigns(writing).9____________
Andtheseareamongmoststrikingofhuman10___________
achievements.
6.2005年真题
Anumberofcollegesanduniversitieshaveannouncedsteeptuitionincreasesfornextyear—
muchsteeperthanthecurrent,verylow,rateofinflation.Theysaytheincreasesareneededbe-
causeofalossinvalueofuniversityendowments
heavilyinvestingincommonstock.Iamskeptical.1)__________
Abusinessfirmchoosesthepricethatmaximizes
itsnetrevenues,irrespectivefluctuationsinincome;
2)__________
andincreasinglytileoutlookofuniversitiesintheUnited
Statesisindistinguishablefromthoseofbusiness3)__________
firms.Theriseintuitionsmayreflectthefacteconomic4)__________
uncertaintyincreasesthedemandforeducation.The
biggestcostofbeingintheschoolisforegoingincome5)___________
fromajob(thisprimarilyafactoringraduate—and
professional—schooltuition):
thepoorone’sjobpros-6)___________
pects,themoresenseitmakestoreallocatetimefrom
thejobmarkettoeducation,inordertomakeoneself
moremarketable.
Thewayswhichuniversitiesmakethemselvesattractive7)___________
tostudentsincludesoftmajors,studentevaluations
ofteachers,givingstudentsagovernancerole,
andeliminaterequiredcourses,Sky-hightuitionshave8)____________
causeduniversitiestoregardtheirstudentsascustomers.
Justasbusinessfirmssometimescolludetoshortenthe9)____________
rigorsofcompetition,universitiescolludetominimize
thecosttothemoftheathleteswhomtheyrecruitinordertostimulatealumnidonations,sothebestathletesnowoftenbypasshighereducationinordertoobtainsalariesearlierfromprofessionalteams.Anduntiltheywerestoppedbytheantitrustauthorities,theIvyLeagueschoolscolludedtolimitcompetitionforthebeststudents,byagreeingnottoawardscholarshipsonthebasisofmeritratherthanpurelyofneed—justlike
businessfirmsagreeingnottogivediscountsontheir10)____________
bestcustomer.
7.2004年真题
Oneofthemostimportantnon-legislativefunctions
oftheU.S.Congressisthepowertoinvestigate.
Thispowerisusuallydelegatedtocommittees—either
standingcommittees,specialcommitteessetforaspecific1)___________
purpose,orjointcommitteesconsistedofmembersof2)___________
bothhouses.Investigationsareheldtogatherinformationontheneedforfuturelegislation,totesttheeffectivenessoflawsalreadypassed,toinquireintothe
qualificationsandperformanceofmembersand
officialsoftheotherbranches,andinrareoccasions,3)___________
tolaythegroundworkforimpeachmentproceedings.
Frequently,committeesrelyoutsideexpertstoassist4)___________
inconductinginvestigativehearingsandtomakeout5)___________
detailedstudiesofissues.
Thereareimportantcorollariestotheinvestigative
power.Oneisthepowertopublicizeinvestigationsandits6)__________
results.Mostcommitteehearingsareopentopublic7)___________
andarereportedwidelyinthemassmedia.Congressional
investigationsneverthelessrepresentoneimportant8)____________
toolavailabletolawmakerstoinformthecitizenry
andtoarousepublicinterestsinnational
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