二语习得复习提纲.docx
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二语习得复习提纲.docx
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ChapterIIntroductionDescribingandExplainingL2Acquisition
1.1Whatissecondlanguageacquisition?
Secondlanguagereferstoanylanguagethatislearnedsubsequenttothemothertongue.
1.2Whatarethegoalsofsecondlanguage?
ThegoalsofSLAaretodescribehowL2acquisitionproceedsandtoexplainthisprocessandwhysomelearnersseemtobebetteratitthanothers.
1.3TwocasestudiesofL2learners
1.3.1Acasestudyofanadultlearner
1.3.2Acasestudyoftwochildlearners
Whatdothesecasestudiesshowus?
a.TheyraiseanumberofimportantmethodologicalissuesrelatingtohowL2acquisitionshouldbestudied
b.Theyraiseissuesrelatingtothedescriptionoflearnerlanguage
c.TheypointoutsomeoftheproblemsresearchersexperienceintryingtoexplainL2acquisition.
1.4Methodologicalissues
Whatisthatneedstobedescribed?
a.Whatitmeanstosaythatalearnerhasacquiredafeatureofthetargetlanguage?
b.Whetherlearnershaveacquiredaparticularfeature?
c.Howtomeasurewhetheracquisitionhastakenplace?
(Learner’soveruseoflinguisticforms.)
1.5Issuesinthedescriptionoflearnerlanguage
a.Learnersmakeerrorsofdifferentkinds.
b.Learnersacquiredalargenumberofformulaicchunks,whichwillinfluencetheirperformanceincommunicationandthefluencyoftheirunplannedspeech.
c.Whetherlearnersacquirethelanguagesystematically?
1.6IssuesintheexplanationofL2acquisition
Itemlearning:
formulaicchunks
Systemlearning:
rules
Internal(mentalist)account:
Externalaccount:
Chapter2theNatureofLearnerLanguage
2.1Errorsanderroranalysis
2.1.1Identifyingerrors
2.1.1.1Comparethelearner’slanguagewiththenormalones.
2.1.1.2Distinguisherrorsandmistakes.
Definition:
Errorsreflectgapsinalearner’sknowledge
Mistakesreflectoccasionallapsesinperformance.
Methods:
a.Checktheconsistencyoflearners’performance.
b.Askthemtocorrecttheirownutterance.
Errorsandmistakes:
2.1.2Describingerrors
Methods:
a.errortypeoriented:
b.errormakeroriented:
Meaning:
Classifyingerrorsinthesewayscanhelpustodiagnoselearners’learningproblemsatanyonestageoftheirdevelopmentand,alsotoplothowchangesinerrorpatternsoccurovertime.
2.1.3Explainingerrors
Errorsaresystematic,predictable,andsomeofthemareuniversal:
(Learnershasconstructedsomekindof“rule”,albeitaruledifferentfromthatofthetargetlanguage)
Eg:
omission:
leaveoutthearticle“the”,leaveoutthe–sinpluralnouns
Overgeneralizationerror:
eated---ate
TransfererrorsreflectlearnersattempttomakeuseoftheirL1knowledge.
2.1.4Errorevaluation
Typesoferrors:
Globalerrors:
violatethewholestructureofthesentence
Localerrors:
affectonlyasingleconstituentinthesentence
2.2Developmentalpatterns
2.2.1TheearlystageofL2acquisition
Silentperiod:
childrenmakenoattempttosayanythingtobeginwith.
Thisperiodmakesapreparationforsubsequentproduction.
Trialsanderrors:
Mulaicchunks:
theyprovidelearnerswiththemeansofperformingusefullanguagefunctionssuchasgreetingsandrequests.
Eg:
“Howdoyoudo?
”
“Mynameis___”
Propositionalsimplification:
leavewordsout
Eg:
“Menoblue”
2.2.2Theorderofacquisition
Accuracyorder:
thereisadefiniteaccuracyorderandthatthisremainsmoreorlessthesameirrespectiveofthelearner’smothertongues,age,andwhetherornottheyhavereceiveformallanguageinstruction.
2.2.3Sequenceofacquisition
a.Theacquisitionofaparticulargrammaticalstructure,therefore,mustbeseenasaprocessinvolvingtransitionalconstructions.
b.AcquisitionfollowsaUshapedcourseofdevelopment.
c.Theprocessinwhichlearnersreorganizetheirexistingknowledgeinordertoaccommodatenewknowledgeiscalledrestructuring.
2.2.4SomeImplications
a.L2issystematicanduniversal,reflectingwaysinwhichinternalcognitivemechanismscontrolacquisition,irrespectiveofthepersonalbackgroundoflearnersorthesettingsinwhichtheylearn.
b.Somelinguisticfeaturesareinherentlyeasiertolearnthanothers.
2.3Variabilityinlearnerlanguage
a.Variabilityisalsosystematic,thatis,learnersusetheirlinguisticsourcesinpredictableways.
b.Learnersvaryintheiruseofthesecondlanguageaccordingto
linguisticcontext(Georgeplayingfootball/..allthetime)
situationalcontext.(kids/daughter)
&psycholinguisticcontext(prepared/unprepared)
c.form-functionmapping
d.freevariation:
e.fossilization:
石化成因
任何现象的出现都不是偶然的,是可以追溯出它的原因的,二语习得过程中出现的中介语石化现象也是有着根本性的
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