高考英语概要写作技巧讲解文档格式.docx
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高考英语概要写作技巧讲解文档格式.docx
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2、专题详解
定义:
Itisabrief,thoroughandobjectiverestatementofthemainideaandkeypointsofalongercomposition.
读者在正确理解文章的基础上,在不改变原文中心思想、
体裁和结构的前提下,用简明、精练的语句高度浓缩文章的主要内容和观点。
(三)写作方法
Step1.确定体裁,明确主题
Step2.明确文章结构(总-分,总-分-总,分-总,并列)
Step3.划主题句与关键信息
Step4.写纲要,打草稿
Step5.润色成文
1保留关键句要点,按体裁和内容
2删除细节(删除具体例子,或归纳总结例子的过程、作用和结果),避免重复
1)找准体裁,提炼要点
记叙文,主要信息应包括:
When?
Where?
Who?
What?
Why?
How(时间先后顺序/事情发展顺序)?
Result
议论文,作者的观点。
作者如何论证自己的观点的(举例证明的,归纳总结
例证的内容和作用)
结构①:
原文【总-分/总-分-总(末段与首段观点相同)】
→【总-分】
结构②:
原文【总-分-总(末段与首段观点相反)】
→【总-分-总(加衔接词表转折关系)】
结构③:
原文【并列结构(段与段的观点并列、递进或相反)
→【并列结构(加衔接词表并列/转折逻辑关系)】
说明文:
【解释一个理论】那么这个理论的特点和实际用途是什么?
【解释一项实验等】实验的目的、对象、结果分别是什么?
按体裁
2)语言:
同义词&
词组替换;
句式简化;
句子重构
1同义转换:
近义词、同义词和词组的替换,尽量用单词替换短语
(例improve=promote,ofgreatimportance=greatlyimportant)
2句式转换:
简化句子结构(例如,定语从句改成分词作后置定语;
状语从句改成非谓语作状语;
)
3句子重构:
调整词类(名词、动词、形容词转换)、时态、语态(主动变被动)等
3)衔接(替换;
省略;
增加):
表逻辑关系的连接词
替换:
并列关系and,moreover,furthermore,inaddition,
转折关系but,instead,however,ontheotherhand
省略:
并列观点有时可省略连接词;
记叙文可省略衔接词。
增加:
按逻辑关系,补充连接词firstly…,secondly…,finally…;
and…,moreover…,furthermore…;
but,instead,however,
例
(一)
Chrisisnotatraditionalexplorer(探险者).Yethisjobcansometimesbejustasexcitinganddangerousasbeinganexplorer.
ChrisworksforMSF,anorganizationalsoknownasDoctorsWithoutBorders(无国界医生).MSFsendstraineddoctorsallovertheworldtohelppeopleafterawaroradisaster.ChrisisadoctorfromFrancewhohastravelledtomanyplatestoorganizeprogramsthathelppeople.
Atthemoment,thereare27,000trainedmedicalstafftakingpartinMSFtasks.TheorganizationreceivedtheNobelPeacePrize.AllkindsofdoctorscanvolunteerforMSF.Theyneedtobepreparedtogoalmostanywhereintheworldandofcoursedoctorswithexperienceintropical(热带)diseasesareespeciallyusefulbecausemostofMSF’sworkisinAfrica.Whendoctorscompletedafewtasks,theymightbesentonanemergencytaskfollowingadisastersuchasanearthquake.
ButwhywouldadoctorleaveacomfortablelifeandagoodsalarytojoinMSF?
AccordingtoChris,theexperienceyougainisagreathelpinyourcareer.Besides,justliketheexplorersofthepast,youneedtokeepanopenmindandlearntomixwellwiththepeopleyoumeet.Mostimportantly,attheendofeachtask,youhavemadearealdifferencetopeople’slives.
体裁:
记叙文
Who,
What–hisjob
What,
where
Why:
____________________________________________________________
Summary:
Chris,whosejobisexcitinganddangerous,worksforMFS.ChrisandotherMFS’sdoctorsneedtobereadytogoalmostanywhereintheworldandmightbesentonanemergencytask.Christthinkshisjobismeaningful/helpfulandhegainsalot.(同义词转换)
Peoplewholiveinthecountrysidegenerallylivelongerthanthosewholiveinthecity.Anumberofreasonsmayhelpexplainthispoint.
Tostartwith,farmersareinclosecontactwithnature.Theybreathefreshair.Theymakefriendswithtreesandstones,cowsanddogs.Theylistentothesongsofbirds.Theyfightwithstrongwinds.Thiscontactwithnatureisgoodforthehealthofbothbodyandspirit.
Next,hardphysicalworkkeepsfarmersfitandhealthy.Itiswidelybelievedthatfarmerssufferfromfarlessdiseasesthanpeopleinthecity.Therearemanydiseasesthatarecommoninthecity,butnotinthecountryside.Forexample,near-sightednessisalmostunknowntofarmers.Besides,beingfreefromurbanpressuredoesgoodtothehealthoffarmers.
Moreover,becausetherearelesscars,motorcarsandotherkindsofvehiclesinthecountryside,onecanwalkmorefreelywithoutbeingafraidofaccidents.Theenvironmentisbetterinthecountryside,whichmakesthefarmersliveaquietandpeacefullife.
Thefarmerscanalsogetfreshgrain,vegetables,fruitsandmilkeasily.Theyenjoytheseadvantagesthatpeoplelivinginthecitycannot.
议论文
结构:
总分
作者观点:
论点①
论点②
论点③
论点④
论点⑤
总结句,呼应观点
Summary:
Peoplefromcountrysidegenerallylivelongerthancitypeoplebecausetheyenjoymanyadvantagessuchasclosewithnature,physicalwork,beingfreefromurbanpressure,morefreewalk,quietandpeacefulenvironment,freshfood,etc.(句式改变)
Farmersusedifferentkindsofsoilconservationmethodstoprotecttheirlandfromdamagebyfarmingandtheforcesofnature.Oneimportantformofsoilconservationistheuseofwindbreaks(防风林).
Windbreaksarebarriersformedbytreesandotherplantswithmanyleaves.Farmersplanttheminlinesaroundtheirfields.Windbreaksstopthewindfromblowingsoilaway.Theyalsokeepthewindfromdestroyingordamagingcrops.Theyareveryimportantforgrowinggrains,suchaswheat.
TherehavebeenstudiesdoneonwindbreaksinpartsofWestAfrica.Itisfoundthatgrainharvestscanbe20%higherinfieldsprotectedbywindbreakscomparedtofieldswithoutsuchprotection.
However
windbreaksseemtoworkbestwhentheyallowalittlewindtopassthrough.Ifthewalloftreesandplantsstopswindcompletely,thenviolentairmovementswilltakeplaceclosetotheground.Thesemovementswillliftsoilintotheairwhereitwillbeblownaway.Forthisreason,awindbreakisbestifithasonly60%to80%ofthetreesandplantsneededtoformasolidline.
Aneasyroletorememberisthatwindbreakscanprotectareasuptotentimestheheightofthetallesttreesinthewindbreaks.Thereshouldbeatleasttwolinesineachwindbreak.Onelineshouldbelargetrees.Thesecondline,rightnexttoit,canbeshortertreesandotherplantswithleaves.Locallygrowntreesandplantsarebestforwindbreaks.
说明文
说明对象:
Windbreak
1目的、用途
2构成
3功能,作用
(2个)
4注意事项
Keys:
Windbreak,whichisformedbytreesandotherplants,isusedbyfarmerstoprotecttheirlandfromdamagebyfarmingandtheforcesofthenature.Windbreakcanprotectthecropsandhelpimprovegrainproduction.However,windbreakshouldbeplantedproperlytoworkitsbest.
练习
实战练习
(一)
OnehotnightlastAugust,ItriedeverythingIcouldthinkof—awarmbottle,songs,etc.tomakehimfallintosleep,buthejustcouldn’tdoit.SinceIbelievedthatalongnightwaswaitingformeahead,IhadnochoicebuttobringaTVintohisroomtokilloffthehoursuntildawn.IwassurprisedthatthemomentIturnedontheTV,thebabybecamequietrightawayandfixedhislittleeyesbrightlyonthescreen.Notwillingtowasteanopportunityforsleep,Ithentiptoed(用脚失走)outoftheroom,leavinghimtowatchtheboringTVprograms.
Iheardnomoreofthebaby’scryingthatnightandthenextmorningwhenIwentintohisroom,IfoundhimstillwatchingTVbyhimself.Ifoundtherewasametaphor(暗喻)inmybaby’sbehaviorforthenewgeneration.WhenIgavemyboysomebookstogoover,heonlyspituponthem;
whenIreadtohim,hedidnotfeelcomfortable.Soisitintheschoolswithmystudents.Ifindthatourstudentsdon’treadandtheylookdownuponreadingandmakelightofthoseofuswhoteachit.AlltheywanttodoistowatchTV.Afterthisexperiencewiththebaby,however,Ihavedrawnaconclusion:
“Letthemwatchit!
”Iftelevisionismuchmoreattractivetochildrenthanbooks,whyshouldwefightagainstit?
Letthemwatchwhattheywant!
Summary:
Thewritertriedeverythingtomakeherbabyfallasleepbutfailed.Surprisingly,whensheturnedontheTV,thebabykeptquiethimself.ThenshefoundthatherstudentslikedwatchingTVasmuchasherbaby.Sothewritersuggestedthatweshouldletchildrenwatchwhattheywant.
实战练习
(二)
Moreandmorepeoplelikebicyclinganditisnosurprise.Itisfun,healthyandgoodfortheenvironment.Maybethat’swhythereare1.4billionbicyclesandonly400millioncarsonroadsworldwidetoday.
Bikescantakeyoualmostanywhere,andthereisnooilcost!
Getonabicycleandridearoundyourneighbourhood.Youmaydiscoversomethingnewallaroundyou.Stoppingandgettingoffabikeiseasierthanstoppingandgettingoutofyourcar.Youcanbiketoworkandbenefitf
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