正文尾注参考文献Word文档下载推荐.docx
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正文尾注参考文献Word文档下载推荐.docx
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Introduction
WiththeoveralldevelopmentoftheChineseeconomy,newthingsandnewphenomenaappearconstantly,especiallyshowedinthepolitics,economy,scienceandsociallife.Accordingly,alargenumberofrichandspecialwordsemerge.Chineseculture-loadedwordsarebecomingincreasinglyimportant,referringtotheuniquenessofChineseitems,andofcourse,containtheconnotationofChineseculture.ChenYuanhaseverpointedthatanynewthingsinsociallife,suchasnewsystems,newstructures,newideasandnewconceptsdoeverythingpossibletobemanifestedinthelanguage.Iftheydonotshowup,theycannotplayacommunicativeroleinsociallife.Wordsaretheminiatureofchangingtimesandsocialprogressandtheyaretheclearmirrorsofsocialdevelopment.Chinese-specificwordsarenativeandtheircontinuousemergenceistheresultofChina’ssocialdevelopmentandprogress.
TheChinese-specificwordsandtheirtranslationshavemadesomegreatachievements.Somejournalsopenupcolumnstopublishthetranslationofpoliticalandeconomicwords,inwhichthereareconsiderableChinese-specificwordsandtheirtranslation.ThewebsiteofChinaDailyalsoopensupacolumnofwordswithlatesttranslations,especiallyprovidingthecorrespondingtranslationofhotwords.ThenewC/Edictionariescompiledareimpressive.Therearerichentriesinthesedictionaries,includingthenewChinese-specificwordsandtheloanwordswhichhaveenteredChina’ssocietyandbecomepeople’scommonlyusedlanguage.Recently,aseriesoflexicalbooksonthetranslationofChinese-specificwordshavebeenpublished.
WithChina’seconomicdevelopment,increasinginternationalinfluence,aswellasthecontinuingexpansionofforeignexchange,thereportsonthepolitical,economicandculturalaspectsofChina’ssocietyoftenappearinforeignnewspapersandmagazines.Forinstance,twoofUSA’smostinfluentialmagazines—TimeandNewsweek—bothfocusonChina’sdevelopment.RecentlytheypublishChina’sspecialissuefromtimetotime.Somescholars,therefore,payattentiontohowforeignmediatranslatetheChinese-specificwords.Objectivelyspeaking,itispossibletorefertooreventakesometranslationsfromtheEnglishmedia,butitiswisetoavoidblindcopy,especiallythetranslationofsomepoliticaltermswhichinvolvethepoliticalorientationofChinaandwesterncountries.
Chapter2:
TheSourcesofChinese-SpecificWords
TheChinese-SpecificWordsareveryabundant,whicharemainlyfromnewconcepts,strongeconomy,strongdialectandLoanwords.
2.1Newconcepts
Asalotofnewdiscoveries,newthingsandnewconceptsemergeinthemodernizationofChina,thewordsreflectingthesenewconceptsappeartoo.ThesewordsarefromneitherthetraditionalcultureofChinesesociety,norwesternloanwords.TheyaretypicalnewconceptswithChinesefeaturesandfromthelinguisticpointofviewtheyreflecttheuniquechangesinallsocialareasofChinawhichisintheprocessofintegrationwiththeworld.Inpoliticalfieldthereare与时俱进(tokeepupwiththetimes),三个代表(theThreeRepresents),反腐倡廉(anti-corruptionandbuildingacleargovernment);
ineconomicfield,therearethousandsofChinese-specificwords,suchas紧缩(austerity),打假(anti-fraud),抢购(panicbuying);
thewordsreflectingnewentertainmentconceptsare美食城(foodcenter),健康城(healthyclub),第三者(athirdpartner);
otherslike透明度(openness),随身听(walkman).Suchexamplesareendless.ThetranslationofthesewordsisthewindowofthenewestsocialformofChina.TheaccuracyoftheirtranslationshoulderstheresponsibilityofdeliveringthelatestinformationofChinesesocietyandculturetotheworld.Translationshouldalsobecautious,andthereisalongwaytogo.
2.2Strongeconomy
ThecoreofReformandOpeningupistoadjustChineseeconomicstructure,andthebiggestcontributionofthispolicyiseconomicgrowth.Thechangeofeconomicstructurehasadeepandstrongeffectonallaspectsofthesociety.Inmostareasofsociallife,economicincreasehasbecometheonlystandardofsuccessandexcellence.Atthispoint,languageisnoexception.ThereturnofHongKong,oneofthewell-knownFourLittleDragonsinAsia,unitesGuangdongandHongKongbecauseofthelatter’soutstandingeconomicdevelopment,makingthePearlRiverdeltatheheadofChineseeconomy.GuangdongandHongKongthenbecometheheartofthisstrongeconomicregion.Duetotheinfluenceofstrongeconomy,manywordswiththeirlocalfeaturesinthedialectsofGuangdongandHongKongspreadquicklytothenorth.ThesewordsbecometheoneswithChinesefeatures.Thecommononesare度假村(holidayvilla),资深(senior),做秀(toshow).ThewordsoriginallyrestrictedtoGuangdongandHongKong,haveenteredtheinteriorofthemainlandandhavebeengraduallyimitated,acceptedandrecognizedbymainlanderswiththestrengthoftheeconomy.
2.3Strongdialect
Comparedwithotherdialects,Beijingdialect,asthestatutorystandardofMandarin,hasaself-evidentpoliticaladvantagecomparedtootherdialects.Beijingisalsothebiggestandthemostauthoritativemediacenter,soBeijingdialectindisputablybecomesthestrongdialectinChina.WiththegradualpromotionofBeijing’spoliticalandculturalstatus,manywordswithBeijing’sfeaturesrecentlyenterthegeneralChineseandgraduallybecometheChinese-specificwords.Wordslike盲流(blinddrifters),跌份儿(toloseface),抠门儿(penny-pinching)haveastrongtasteofBeijingdialect,butastheyarehighlyfrequentlyusedandhaveanexpandingmassbasis,theygetknown,recognizedandquicklyspreadtothewholenation.
2.4Loanwords
Alongwiththeeconomicinteraction,Chinareceivestheinfluxofloanwords,especiallyEnglish,whichisenteringChineseinvariousformsandhasaprofoundimpactonChinese.Theseloanwordshavewonthefavorofpeoplebecauseoftheirnoveltyofexoticstyle,andtheirpragmaticrangeinvolvesallthefieldsoflife.Generallytherearefourkindsofloanwords:
白兰地(XO),首席执行官(CEO),国民生产总值(GDP),whichdirectlyusetheoriginal;
高尔夫(golf),脱口秀(talkshow),迪斯科(Disco),whichusetransliteration;
信用卡(creditcard),手机(mobilephone),减肥中心(fatfarm),whichuseliberaltranslation;
CT扫描,IT技术人员,KTV包房,whichmixEnglishandChinese.
Chapter3:
TheCulturalBarrierintheTranslationofChinese-SpecificWords
Languageandcultureareinterleavedandinterpenetrated.Languagecannotexistalonebeyondcultureandcannotbedivorcedfrompeopleandbehandeddown.Thedevelopmentofculturecanpushthatoflanguage,andthedevelopmentandenrichmentoflanguagearealsotheessentialpremiseofthedevelopmentofthewholeculture.Languageisnotonlypeople’stooltoexpressthoughtsandfeelings,butalsothecomponentandthemaincarrierofculture.
3.1Theresultofdifferentlivingenvironment
Chinaisanagriculturalcountry.Peoplecannotlivewithouttheland,andcattlehelpagriculturalproductionalot.Chinesepeople,therefore,haveaspecialaffectionforcattle.Forinstance,革命的老黄牛(work-horse).InEnglish,however,cattleareoftenderogatory.Theformeroftenmeansthosewhoarefat,clumsy,annoying;
thelattersymbolizesbarbaricviolence.如牛负重(toillikeabeastofburden)istranslatedinto“worklikeahorse,”becauseforalongtime,theBritishtravelandploughbyhorse.InChina,鱼(fish)isthesymbolofwealth,and米(rice)isthemainfoodofChinese.鱼米之乡describesaplacewhichisrichandstrong,whiletheBritisheatmilkandbread,sotheycall鱼米之乡“landflowingwithmilkandhoney.”Britainisacountrywithchangeableweather,sotheweatherisalwaysthehottopicwhendiscussed.Wordsoftenrelatewithweather,so苦尽甘来is“afterraincomesthesunshine.”
3.2Theresultofdifferentideologies
Thedecisiveroleofcultureisprominentlymanifestedintheconstraintsoflanguageinhumanthinking.Theformofaperson’sthinkingissubjecttothoseirresistiblelawsofthelanguageformhe/shedoesnotrealize.Intermsofculturalstudies,differencesinthewayofthinkingareessentiallyareculturalones.Amongalargenumberofethicgroups,people’sthinkingactivitiesandthelanguageandliteraturewhicharecloselyrelatedtosuchactivitieshavemuchincommon,butalmosteverynationhasitsownuniquewayofthinking.ItisalsotrueofChinesenationandEnglishone.Differentphilosophiesoftengiverisetodifferentlanguageexpressionofthesamething.Forinstance,红糖istranslatedinto“blacksugar”;
红茶,“blacktea”.
3.3Theresultofdifferentcustoms
Intheformationprocessofsomelanguage,thenationalcustomofitsregionwilldeeplyaffectthelanguage.CustomdifferencesbetweenChineseandEnglishareofmanyaspects.Themosttypicalexampleistheattitudetowardsdogs.狗(dog)inChineseisahumbleanimal,andmostwordsrelatedtodogsarederogatory:
狐朋狗友(evilassociates),狗急跳墙(Adogwillleapoverawallindesperation),狼心狗肺(beascruelasawolf).Butinwesterncountries,dogsareconsideredthemostloyalfriendtohumanbeings.InEnglish,mostwordsaboutdogsarecommendatory,exceptthoseinfluencedbyotherlanguages.Onthecontrary,Chineselovecatsanduse馋猫tomeangluttonous,withintimateelements.WhileintheWest,猫(cat)isusedtomeanamaliciouswoman.Chinesenationhate猫头鹰(owl),butBritishpeoplenationthattheowlisthebirdofwisdom.
InChinese,becauseoftheworshipofthesun,redsymbolizesjoyandgoodfuture,sowehave红榜(honorroll),红豆(lovebean),红云(goodluck).InEnglish,however,redoftenmeansdangerandsomethingthatisnotgood.
3.4Theresultofdifferentreligionsandhistories
Religiousdifferencesareanimportantpartofculturaldifferences,
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