English Vocabulary Teaching And Learning 英语词汇教与学Word格式文档下载.docx
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English Vocabulary Teaching And Learning 英语词汇教与学Word格式文档下载.docx
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vocabularyteaching,teachingstrategy,thesecondlanguagelearners
内容摘要
二语习得中的词汇研究曾经在很长一段时间内被人们所忽视。
近年来,人们对这一问题进行了重新审视,研究发现,在词汇上出现的错误的确比在语法上出现的错误要多。
从而意识到词汇教学与研究仍然在二语习得过程中发挥着至关重要的作用。
文章围绕词汇的教学展开,首先分析了当今我国大学英语词汇教学存在的一些问题,第一,词汇教学非常离散,第二,大班教学小班教学难吸引学生的注意力,第三,很难保持教学活跃程度的一致性,第四,还有一些不合适的词汇教学方法。
接着论述几种词汇教学策略:
辩别策略能够帮助学习者准确掌握容易混淆的词汇,想象策略能够帮助学习者变抽象为具体。
最后,在词汇教学方面提出了一些探讨性的建议。
希望这些探讨性的建议能在以后教学中起到一定的作用。
关键词:
词汇教学;
教学策略;
第二语言学者
Content
AbstractinEnglish…………………………………..………………………………………….i
AbstractinChinese……………………………………….……………………………………ii
Introduction1
1.TheProblemsaboutVocabularyTeaching2
1.1FactorsAffectingVocabularyAcquisition3
1.2Challenges4
1.3Attitudes
ofteachersTowardsVocabularyTeaching5
1.4ImproperTeachingMethodology
aboutVocabularyTeaching6
1.4.1SingleWord7
1.4.2TargetWordsGivenDirectlyInsteadofBeingIntroducedGradually8
1.4.3UnfamiliaritywithEnglishEtymology8
1.5LackofResourceMaterialstoMakeTeachingofVocabularyInteresting9
2.TheStrategiesforVocabularyLearning10
2.1The
TeachingMethods10
2.2DiscriminationStrategy12
2.3ImagingStrategy14
3.TheSuggestionsfortheTeachingofVocabularyinFuture16
3.1HavingaRangofActivityTypes17
3.2MakingComprehensiveTeachingPlan18
3.3AssistinginDevelopingIndependentLearningStrategies18
Conclusion20
Notes21
Bibliography22
Acknowledgment23
Introduction
Lexicologyisabranchoflinguistics,inquiringintotheoriginsandmeaningsofwords.EnglishlexicologyaimsatinvestigatingandstudyingthemorphologicalstructuresofEnglishwordsandword
equivalents,theirsemanticstructures,relations,historicaldevelopment,formationandusages.
Vocabularyisakeytothe
languageandofveryimportancetolanguagelearners.Vocabularylearning
willaccompanylearnersforlifelong.However,in
the20thcentury,peoplepaidlittleattentiontovocabularyteachingwhilegrammar
asthecentralelementinlanguageacquisition.Theteachingandlearningofvocabularyhavebeenunderestimatedinthefieldofsecondlanguageacquisition.Fortunately,atnow,acquisitionofvocabularyhasbeenrecognizedamoreimportantrole,tobemorespecific,thecentralroleinlearning
language
Nomatterhowwellthestudentlearnsgrammar,nomatterhowsuccessfullythesoundsofL2aremastered,withoutwordstoexpressawiderrangeofmeanings,communicationinanL2justcannothappeninanymeaningfulway(McCarthy,1990:
23).
Knowingwordsisthekeytounderstandingandbeingunderstood.Thebulkoflearninganewlanguageconsistsoflearningnewwords.Grammaticalknowledgedoesnotmakeforgreatproficiencyinalanguage(Vermeer,1992:
147).
Asthefocushasbeenchangedtovocabularyteaching,theclassroomteachersareconfrontedwiththechallengeofhowbesttohelpstudentsstoreandretrievewordsinthetargetlanguage.Mostvocabularyteacherswanttheirstudentstolearnagreatdealmorethantheycanlearnfromthemerememorizationofwordlists.Theywanttheirstudentstolearntobecomeexcitedaboutwordstofindwordsinterestingandsatisfying.Anumberofrecentresearchstudieshavedealtwithlexicalproblems(problemsrelatedtowords).Throughresearchesthescholarsarefindingthatlexicalproblemsfrequentlyinterferewithcommunication,namely,communicationwillbreakdownwhenpeopledonotusetherightwords.Therefore,developingarichvocabularyisatoppriorityandanon-goingchallengeforbothL1andL2acquisition.Aslanguageteachers,the“know-how”orstrategyofvocabularyteachingandlearningisthus,ingreatdemand.
1.TheProblemsaboutVocabularyTeaching
Generallyspeaking,languageislearnedforthecommunication,thatis,vocabularyacquisitionisakeycomponenttosuccessfullydevelopingcommunication.Nevertheless,languagelearners’vocabularyerrorsconstitutemostforeignlanguageerrorsandbothlearnersandnativespeakersaswellregardvocabularyerrorsasthemostseriousanddifficultobstaclestocommunication,asWiddowsonsaid:
“Nativespeakerscanbetterunderstandungrammaticalutteranceswithaccuratevocabularythanwithaccurategrammarandinaccuratevocabulary”.Nowadays,althoughmostlanguageteachershaverealizeditscriticalroleplayedinlanguagelearning,thefollowingproblemsstillexistaswellasinterferewiththeprogressofvocabularyteaching.
1.1FactorsAffectingVocabularyAcquisition
FrequencyhasbeenaccordedahighlevelofsignificanceinELTformanyyearsasaresultoftheuseofword-frequencycountingasaprocedureinformingsyllabusandmaterialsdesign.Therationaleforthisisquitesimplythat
themost
frequentlyoccurringwordsintheEnglish
languagewillbethosemostusefultolearners.Thebeginnerlevelofmanyseriesofcoursebooksorthefirststageofmanyseriesofgradedreaderswillhaveabasiclexicalsyllabusformulatedfromthefirst
500to800mostfrequentlyoccurringwordsin
English.Thevocabularylistswhichformthebasisofsyllabusspecificationsformuchmaterialcurrentlyinuserelatebacktoworkdoneasearlyasthe1930sand1940s,laterrevisedandadjusted.Awell-used
frequencylistwasthatofWest,whichhassome2,000headwords,eachaccompaniedbyitsinflectedforms,togetherwithalistofcommonderivativesandcompounds.
AnotherwayinwhichtheconceptoffrequencyhasinfluencedELTisintherepetitionofwordsintexts.Repetitionofwordsinmaterialscanaidtheprocessoflexical
inferenceandhasbeenusedasaprincipleforconstructinggradedreadingmaterialformanyyears.Certainly,iflearnersaretobeexposedtoawildrangeofwordmeaningsandassociationsthenitwillbeimportantforthemtoencounterwordsandassociationsthenitwillbeimportantforthemtoencounterwordsinavarietyofdifferentsituationsthroughextensivereadingandlistening.
1.2Challenges
NowadaystheEnglishclassesforstudentsofnon-Englishmajorareinrelativelylargescales.Inthelargeclass,
teachersandstudentsarefacedwithalotofproblems.Forexample,
theteachershavedifficultyinkeepingeyesoneverystudent’svocabularystudy;
studentshavetroubleinhearingtheteacherclearly;
studentsdonothaveenoughchancetojoin
intheclassroomactivitiestopracticetargetwordswhichwouldsurelyactivatetheirinterestsinEnglishcourse;
teachersdonothaveenoughchancetohelpeachlesscompetentEnglishlearnerandstimulateeverystudent’smotivationoflearningtargetwords,foreachstudenthasdifferentinterests,differentlearningspeedsanddifferentEnglishcompetences,whichwillspendteacherslongtimeingivingconsiderationtothemall.Whatisworsemayleadtotheresultsthatgoodstudentswouldstopattendingtheclass,fortheymayfeelboredwiththeeasycontentofvocabularytaughtinclass,whilelesscompetentstudentsmaysuggestaratherslowerteachingspeed.Itisabigchallengeforteacherstokeepbothgoodandlesscompetentstudentsactiveinclass,whichwouldultimatelybringoutmuchbarriertoclassroomvocabularyteaching.
ofteachersTowardsVocabularyTeaching
Teachers’attitudestowardsvocabularyteachingwould,toagreatextent,influencetheoutcomeofstudents’vocabularylearning.SometeachersregardEnglishvocabularylearningasthestudents’ownbusiness.Thiswouldsurelyleaveadizzyvocabularyworldtocollegestudentsofnon-Englishmajors.Suchas,wecanhearsortofstatementsfromstudents,suchas“Iamaslowlearnerinvocabulary,”“Iamafastforgetterspeaking,invocabulary”and“Englishvocabularymakesmedizzy”Generallystudentsviewvocabularyasamostcriticalbutmostdifficultsectionintheirlanguagestudies.Theyareeagertolearnthemsolongastheteacherswouldliketohelpthemwiththecorrectandeffectiveapproaches.Nevertheless,manyteachersviewteachingvocabularyasalow-levelintellectualactivityunworthyoftheirfullattention.Thereasonwhytheythinksoliesinthebelow.Manyteacherstrytoequalthewordteachingtomereworddefinitionandspelling,ortheydirectlygivestudentswordmeaningsinsteadofgraduallyguidingthestudentstoimagineorassociatethetargetwordswithoutsideworldsoastohelpthemeffectivelystoredintheirminds.Itisduetotheeasyprocessoftheexplanationofworddefinitionandspellingthatsometeachersthinkofwordteachingassuchasimpleactivity.Accordingly,theywouldleavevocabularylearningtostudentsthemselvesinsteadofprovidingthemwithhelpfulandefficientteachingstrategies.
Thisattitudewouldcertainlyresultinthef
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