英语国家概况英国课后问答题1Word格式文档下载.docx
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英语国家概况英国课后问答题1Word格式文档下载.docx
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b.itbecameonememberoftheEuropeanUnionsince1973.
c.theeffectalsoliesinthemakeupoftheBritishpopulationitself.Newlyimmigrantsmainlycamefromtheformercolonies,speciallyfromIndiaandCaribbeanarea.
d.todaytheMonarchrepresentsthecountryinmanyoccasions.
e.classexistsandlordsandpeersareobviousevidentoftheimperialpast.
2.WhydoestheauthorsaythatitisnotpossibletosumuptheBritishpeoplewithafewsimplephrases?
Reasons:
1.regionaldifferences---England,Scotland,Wales,NorthernIreland2.racialdifferences3.classdifferences4.culturaldifferences---HighlandvsLowland5.religiousdifferences---protestantsvsCatholics(maininNorthernIreland)
3.“Britishhistoryhasbeenahistoryofinvasion”.Pleaseillustratethispointwiththeexamplesfromthetext.HowdideachoftheinvasionsinfluenceEnglishculture?
When
Who
Wherefrom
Whichpartconquered
influence
43AD—
AD.5thC
Latin-speakingRoman
Mediterraneancountries
EnglandandWales(notScotlandorIreland)
BroughttheMediterraneancivilization,Christian,
—1066
AnglesandSaxons
(theforefathersoftheEnglish;
thefoundersofEngland)
Germany
EasternandSouthernBritain(notWalesandmostofScotland)
mainlyEngland
TheancestoroftheEnglishpeople;
KingAlfred’sstory
LateAD.8thC–AD10thC.
theferociousVikings
Scandinavia(北欧:
瑞典、挪威一带。
丹麦、芬兰、冰岛等)
NorthernandEasternEngland,Scotland
TheprocessofformingaunitedBritain(EnglishKingsunitedmean,sodidtheScottishCrown),1707,theunitedBritaincameintobeing
AD11thC
(1066)
NormanFrench(WilliamtheConquerordefeatedKingHaroldattheBattleofHastings,andbuilttheTowerofLondon)
Normandy
(northernFrance)
Thenextfewhundredyears,joiningvariouspartsoftheBritishIslesunderEnglishrule(England,Wales,Scotland,Ireland)
Importarulingclass
4.WhataresomegeneralcharacteristicsofScotland?
HowdidScotlandbecomepartoftheunionofGreatBritain?
1.TheCeltsoriginallylivedonScotland,theykepttheirowncultureandlanguage—theGealic.
2.AroundtheAD6thC,peoplefromNorthernIrelandinvadedtheSouth-west---thelowlandzone.TheywerecalledScotsandgavethemoderncountryofScotlanditsname.
3.TheScottishpeoplehaveastrongsenseofnationalityanddesireforculturalindependence.Theyobservedsomeoldcustomsandtradition,liketheHighlandtradition.Today,bagpipe,andtartanareconsideredasthesouveniroftheScottishhistory.
4.ThedivisionbetweenhighlandandlowlandScotlandremainsaculturaldividetoday,inmuchthesamewayasnorthandsouthEnglandseethemselvesasdifferentfromeachother.
5.Scotlandhasagreattraditionofinnovationinthearts,philosophyandscience.
RobertLouisStevenson’sfamousnovelDrJekyllandMrHyde《吉基尔医生与海德先生》showsthat:
ScotlandwassuperficiallyfullyintegratedintotheUK,butconcealedbeneaththisisastill-strongScottishidentity.
UnionwithEnglandin1707
1.In1603,QueenElizabethIofEnglanddied.Jamesthe6thofScotlandtookthe
throne,calledJamestheFirstofEngland;
unitingthetwothrones
2.Scotlandmaintaineditsseparatepoliticalidentity.
3.In1707,ScotlandjoinedtheUnionbyagreementoftheEnglishandScottishParliaments
4.Scotlandsends72representativestotheLondonParliament.
5.DescribecharacteristicsofWalesandWales’unificationwithGreatBritain.
Characteristics:
1.
capital:
Cardiff,onthesouthcoast
2.
richcoaldeposits
3.
attractforeigninvestmentfromJapanandU.S,etc.
--newindustriestoreplacecoalandsteel
4.
smallestontheBritishmainland;
closetocentralEngland;
hillyandrugged
5.
retainsapowerfulsenseofdifferencefromEngland
6.
retainsitsownlanguage;
19%populationspeakingGaelic
UnificationwithGreatBritain
1267,LlywelynapGruffudd(卢埃林·
阿普·
格鲁菲德),forcedtheEnglishto
acknowledgehimasPrinceofWalesbyamilitarycampaign,andunifiedWalesasanindependentnation.
1282,hewaskilled.TheEnglishKingEdwardInamedhissonthePrinceofWales,tryingtobringWalesintotheBritishnation.
1400,OwainGlyndwr(欧文·
格林道瓦尔)ledanunsuccessfulrisingagainsttheEnglish.
1536,WaleswasbroughtlegallyintotheUKbyanactoftheBritishParliament.
Walessends38representativestotheLondonParliament.4arefromtheNationalistParty.
6.ArethereanydifferencesbetweenEngland,ScotlandandWalesintermsofculturaltradition?
Chapter2NorthernIrelandQuestionsforThought:
1.WhyisNorthernIrelandsosignificantintheUK?
Whatisthepoliticalproblemthere?
Keys:
1.itissignificantbecauseofthepoliticaltroublesthere.
2.thepoliticaltrouble
OriginalinhabitantsweremainlydescentsofCelts;
theybelievedinCatholics.TheimmigrantsfromScotlandandnorthEnglandinthe17thc,sentbytheEnglishkingforthesakeofbettercontroloverIreland,weremainlyProtestants.Theirarrivalarousedlocalpeople’shostility.Theywerepressured.
In1921theIrelandgotindependencewhileinNorthernIreland,themajoritywasProtestantandloyaliststotheBritishgovernment,wantedtobeseparatedfromtherestpartsofIreland.
NowinNorthernIreland,theminority—theCatholicsfounditdifficultforthemtofindjob.TheconflictsbetweenProtestantsandCatholicsgotincreased.
ToprotectthelocalCatholics,theBritishsoldiersstationedNorthernIrelandin1969,whichlateracceleratedtheconflictsbetweenthelocalpeopleandtheBritishgovernment.
2.WhataresomeofthefactorsinIrishandEnglishhistorythataffectthesituationinNorthernIrelandtoday?
1.racial,2.religious3.immigrationin17thc.4.theBritishsolders’stationin1969
Chapter3TheGovernmentoftheUnitedKingdom
QuestionsforThought:
1.WhataresomeofthecharacteristicsoftheBritishconstitutionalmonarchy?
HowhastheEnglishmonarchyevolvedgraduallytothepresentconstitutionalmonarchy?
1.theoldestinstitutionofgovernment
2.KingEgbert(埃格伯特国王):
theancestorofthepresentQueenElizabethII.UnitedEnglandunderhisrulein829.
3.divinerightofkings(君权神授)
---TheancientdoctrineheldthatthesovereignderivedhisauthorityfromGod,notfromhissubjects.Thiswasusedbythekingsasanexcuseforabusingpower.Andthedisputeoverthepowerofthekingandtheparliamentledtothecivilwar.
4.theCivilwarsettherightsoftheParliament.Themonarchwaskeptbuthispowerwaslimited.Theconstitutionwassetuptoguaranteerightsofpeople.Monarchbecameasymbolofthecountry.
2.Howdidthedoctrineofthe“divinerightofkings”,accordingtotheauthor,leadtotheEnglishCivilWar?
WhatdoyouknowaboutthecausesoftheEnglishRevolutioninthe17thcentury?
KingJamesIbelievedthedivinerightofkings,sodidhisdescent---CharlesI.
CharlesIcalledhistParliamentonlywhenheneededtocollectmoney.
TheCivilWarwascausedbyadisputeoverthepowerofthekingagainstParliamentinthe17thC.TheRepublican“roundheads”,ledbyOliverCromwell,wantedtoabolishthemonarchyandtoreasserttherightsofParliament.In1642,theroyalistsweredefeatedandKingCharlesIwasexecutedin1649.
TheEnglishCivilWarnotonlyoverthrewfeudalinEnglandbutalsoshookthefoundationofthefeudalruleinEurope.Itisgenerallyregardedasthebeginningofmodernworldhistory.TheCivilWarwasinessenceacapitalistrevolutionbecausecapitalismpaveditswayofdevelopmentafterthewar.
3.WhatisthehistoryofEnglishparliament?
WhatroledidtheparliamentplayintheCivilWar?
Inmedievaltimes,agroupofleading,wealthybaronswhoweresummonedbythekingseveraltimesayeartogivethekingsomeextramoney.ThiswastheGreatCouncil.Bythe13thC.,representativesofcounties,townsandcitieswerealsoincludedinordertoraisemoremoney.ThiswasthebeginningofwhatweknowasParliamenttoday.
IntheCivilWar,theparliamentwasoppositetothemonarchyintheirdisputeoverthepower.TheRepublican“roundheads”,ledbyOliverCromwell,wantedtoabolishthemonarchyandtoreasserttherightsofParliament.
4.DiscussthemajorcharacteristicsandthemaincontentoftheBritishconstitution.
Britain,likeIsrael,hasnowrittenConstitution.ThefoundationsoftheBritishStatearelaidoutinstatutelaw(成文法),whicharelawspassedbyParliament;
thecommonlaws(普通法,判例法),whicharelawsestablishedthroughcommonpracticeinthecourts;
andconventions(习惯法),whicharerulesandpracticesnotexistinglegally,butregardedasvitaltotheworkingsofgovernment.
5.WhytheparliamentissupremeintheBritishsate?
Whatfunctiondoesparliamenthave?
Whatroledoesthe
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