跨文化交际Word文件下载.docx
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跨文化交际Word文件下载.docx
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Cultureispervasive
FacetsofCultureareInterrelated
CultureisEthnocentric
Cultureisadaptive
4.Thedefinitionofcommunication
5.Componentsofcommunication(第一课课件P66-71)
SenderMessageEncodingChannelReceiverDecodingFeedbackNoise
6.InterculturalCommunication
Interculturalcommunicationreferstocommunicationbetweenpeoplewhoseculturalbackgrounds(perceptionandsymbolsystem)aredistinctenoughtoaltertheircommunication(课本p.10).
7.co-culture
cultureswhichexistside-by-side
thefollowingwouldbesomegoodexamples:
Theculturesofyouthandthecultureofolderpersons
TheculturesofmediaworshipersandmainstreamAmericanculture
Unit2
1.Verbalinterculturalcommunication
“verbal”means“consistingofwords”.Language,spokenorwritten,isameansofverbalcommunication.Verbalcommunicationreferstothecommunicationthatiscarriedeitherinoralorinwrittenformwiththeuseofwords.Verbalinterculturalcommunicationhappenswhenpeoplefromdifferentculturalbackgroundscommunicatewitheachotherbyusinglanguage.
2.Individualismandcollectivism
Culturesaretypicallydividedintotwocategories:
collectivistandindividualist.Individualistcultures,suchasthoseoftheUnitedStatesandWesternEurope,emphasizepersonalachievementattheexpenseofgroupgoals,resultinginastrongsenseofcompetition.Collectivistcultures,suchasthoseofChina,Korea,andJapan,emphasizefamilyandworkgroupgoalsaboveindividualneedsordesires.
Unit3
1.Powerdistance权力差距
Powerdistanceis“theextenttowhichthelesspowerfulmembersofinstitutionsandorganizationswithinacountryexpectandacceptthatpowerisdistributedunequally”.(Hofstede)一个国家内的机构和组织的弱势成员期望和接受权力分配不均的程度。
它能反映社会中弱势成员和强势成员的价值观。
Culturesthatendorselowpowerdistanceexpectandacceptpowerrelationsthataremoreconsultativeordemocratic.Peoplerelatetooneanothermoreasequalsregardlessofformalpositions.Subordinatesaremorecomfortablewithanddemandtherighttocontributetoandcritiquethedecisionmakingofthoseinpower.Inhighpowerdistancecountries,lesspowerfulacceptpowerrelationsthataremoreautocraticandpaternalistic.Subordinatesacknowledgethepowerofotherssimplybasedonwheretheyaresituatedincertainformal,hierarchicalpositions.Assuch,thepowerdistanceindexHofstededefinesdoesnotreflectanobjectivedifferenceinpowerdistribution,butratherthewaypeopleperceivepowerdifferences.
2.Complimentsandresponse
Complimentsandpraisesareofgreatsocialfunctions.
Concerningcomplimentsandcomplimentresponses,thepragmaticrulesarevariousindifferentcultures.
InAmericanculture,thetopicofcomplimentscanbevaried.Theirresponsetocomplimentsispositive.
Chinesepeopleareshytocomplimentothersandalsomodestytoacceptcompliments.
3.DifferencesBetweenChineseandEnglishCompliments(P51-54)
Semanticandsyntacticformula
4.CulturalAssumption文化设定(pg.56)
Aculturalassumptioniswhenweassumethatapersonhasparticularvaluesandattitudesbasedontheirculturalbackgrounds.
5.Stereotype:
Aconventional,formulaic,andoversimplifiedconception,opinion,orimage.Theyrefertonegativeorpositivejudgmentsmadeaboutindividualsbasedonanyobservableorbelievedgroupmembership.(文化定势:
文化定势指基于明显的或受到认可的群体身份,对目标群体中的个体成员所持有的正面或反面的判断。
)
Astereotypeisanassumptionmadeaboutapersonbasedonsuperficial(surface)criteria.Youmustbecarefulnottousestereotypesandrememberthateachpersonisanindividual,thereforetheirpersonalityisnotdefinedbytheirethnicity,genderorage.Givingpeoplecharacteristicsbasedonraceisracismandthroughgenderissexism.Beawareofhowcomposersusestereotypesandbeabletoidentifythem.
6.Ethnocentrism
Ethnocentrismisjudginganotherculturesolelybythevaluesandstandardsofone'
sownculture.Theethnocentricindividualwilljudgeothergroupsrelativetohisorherownparticularethnicgrouporculture,especiallywithconcerntolanguage,behavior,customs,andreligion.Theseethnicdistinctionsandsubdivisionsservetodefineeachethnicity'
suniqueculturalidentity.
Itreferstonegativelyjudgingaspectsofanotherculturebythestandardsof
one’sownculture.(民族优越感/民族中心主义:
民族优越感指从本国文化的标准出发,消极地审视另一文化。
7.Assumingsimilarityinsteadofdifference:
Itreferstotheideathatpeoplecomingfromanotherculturearemoresimilartoyouthantheyactuallyareorthatanotherperson’ssituationismoresimilartoyoursthanitinfactis.(假定一致性:
假定一致性是指认为来自另一文化的他人和自己相似或他人的处境与自己的处境相似,而事实上却并非如此。
Unit4
1.RelationshipbetweenLanguageandCulture
Languageispartofcultureandplaysaveryimportantroleinit.Somesocialscientistsconsideritthekeystoneofculture.Withoutlanguage,theymaintain,culturewouldnotbepossible.Ontheotherhand,languageisinfluencedandshapedbyculture;
itreflectsculture.Inthebroadestsense,languageisthesymbolicrepresentationofapeople,anditcomprisestheirhistoricalandculturalbackgroundsaswellastheirapproachtolifeandtheirwaysoflivingandthinking.
Languageisambiguous.Theremaybedifferentinterpretationstothesamewords.Therefore,itisimportanttomakeinferencesaboutthemeaningofwordsfromthecontext.
Denotation:
theprimary,surfacemeaning,orexplicitmeaning.字面意思
Connotation:
theimplicitmeaning,theimplicationofaword,apartfromitsprimarymeaning.隐涵意义
2.MajorsemanticdifferencesbetweenEnglishandChineseterms(P73)
a.Aterminonelanguagedoesnotnecessarilyhaveacounterpartintheotherlanguage.(absenceofcounterpart)
b.Somewordsortermsappeartorefertothesameobjectorconcept,butactuallyrefertoquitedifferentthings.(samewords,differentmeaning)
c.Thinsorconceptscouldberepresentedbymanymoretermsintheotherlanguage.(sameconcept,variousterms)
d.Termswithsimilarprimarymeaningmighthavedistinctivesecondarymeaning.(sameprimarymeaning,differentsecondarymeaning)
3.CulturalReflectionsonProverbs
Proverbsmayprovideinterestingglimpsesorcluestoapeople’sgeography,history,socialorganization,socialviews,etc.(P74)
4.DiscoursePatterns
Theoriginalmainfocusofdiscourseanalysiswasonhowweformunitsofcommunicationthatarelargerthanjustwordsorsentences.Butourinterestisincommunicationbetweenmembersofdifferentgroups.Aspokendiscourserepresentsthejointproductofalltheparticipantsinthesituation,whileawrittendiscourserepresentstheone-sidedproductofadiscoursebytheparticipantswhocomposethetext.
5.Thoughtpatterns
Atleastpartofthereasonwhypeoplehavedifferentdiscoursepatternsisduetotheirdifferencesinpatternsofthinking,whichareimportantissuesforstudentsofinterculturalcommunication.AnalyticalthinkingcharacterizesthethoughtpatternofAmericans(andmanyotherWesterners).Theytendtoanalyzeanddissectthingsintoelementsinordertounderstandthemproperly.Theiremphasisisuponthepartsratherthanuponthewholeofthings.Theytendtobequitestronginclassificationandcategorizationandtopursueabsolutedichotomies二分法suchasgoodandbad,Godandthedevil,theindividualandthewhole,inaword,"
A"
or"
not-A"
.WeChinesemoreoftenemploysyntheticthinkingpatterns.Wetendtosynthesizeelementsintoaunit,withtheemphasisonthe"
whole"
.
Unit5
1.Hall'
sdefinitionofpersonalspace
a.Intimatespace—theclosest"
bubble"
ofspacesurroundingaperson.Entryintothisspaceisacceptableonlyfortheclosestfriendsandintimates.
b.Socialandconsultativespaces—thespacesinwhichpeoplefeelcomfortableconductingroutinesocialinteractionswithacquaintancesaswellasstrangers.社交
c.Publicspace—theareaofspacebeyondwhichpeoplewillperceiveinteractionsasimpersonalandrelativelyanonymous.公众场所
Culturalexpectationsaboutthesespacesvarywidely.
2.Studyareasofnon-verbalcommunication课本P95
Timelanguage(chronemics)
Spacelanguage(proxemics)
bodylanguage(kinesics)
paralanguage
3.Chronemics(第5课课件P38-41)
Chronemicsisthestudyofhowpeopleperceiveandusetime.Itincludes
a.thesenseoftime
b.Monochronicandpolychronicviewsoftime
4.Proxemics人际距离学
Proxemicsreferstothestudyofspatialrelations.Thestudyofproxemicsincludesthreeaspectsofspace:
(a)fixedfeaturesofspace.(b)semifixedfeaturesofspace,and(c)personalspace
5.haptics触觉行为
Hapticsortouchreferstocommunicatingthroughtheuseofbodilycontact.
6.kinesics身势学
Kinesicsisthetermusedforcommunicatingthroughvarioustypesofbodymovementsincludingfacialexpressions,gestures,posture(体位)andstance(站立姿势),andothermannerismsthatmayaccompanyorreplaceoralmessages.
7.OtherCategoriesofNonverbalCommunication
ocuelsics(目光语):
Thestudyofcommunicationssentbytheeyesistermedoculesics.
olfactics(嗅觉):
ThestudyofcommunicationviasmelliscalledOlfactics.Aperson’ssmellcanhaveapositiveornegativeeffectontheoralmessage.
chromatics(色彩学):
Chromaticsreferstothestudyofcoloruseinaffectingpeople’smood,emotions,andimpressionofothers.
attire(服饰):
Peopleinallculturesuseclothingandotherformsofbodilyadornmenttocommunicatestatus,intentions,andothermessages.
Thevocabularyof
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