国际经济学题库英文版Word文档格式.docx
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国际经济学题库英文版Word文档格式.docx
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and
aretheunitlaborrequirementincheeseandwineatHomeandForeign,respectively.IfaLC/aLW<
aLC*/aLW*,Homehasacomparativeadvantageincheese.
/
istherelativepriceofcheese,whenaLC/aLW<
Pc/Pw<
aLC*/aLW*HomeandForeignspecializeinproducingcheeseandwine,respectively.
5.Laboristheonlyonefactorofproduction.
aretheunitlaborrequirementincheeseandwineatHomeandForeign,respectively.LandL*areHome’sandForeign’slaborforce.If
<
theworldrelativesupplyofcheeseequals(L/aLC)/(L*/aLW*).Home’sgainsfromindirectlyproducingwinecanbeshownas(1/aLC)(Pc/Pw)-1/aLW
6.Inspecificfactorsmodel(QM=QM(K,LM);
QF=QF(T,LF);
L=LM+LF),ifHomeproducesandtradesmanufacturedgoodsforfood,theoverallcomparisonofthefivechangerateofgoodspriceandfactorprice
insideHomeis
.Thatis,therealincomeofcapitalistsincrease,itcanbeshownas
.
7.Therearetwomainreasonswhyinternationaltradehasstrongeffectsonthedistributionofincome.First,resourcescan’tmoveimmediatelyorcostlesslyformoneindustrytoanother
SecondIndustriesdifferinthefactorsofproductiontheydemand.
8.IntheHeckscher-Ohlinmodel,Comparativeadvantageisinfluencedbytheinteractionbetween
relativeabundanceandrelativeintensity
9.Accordingtostolper-sammelsoneffectiftherelativepriceofagoodrises,therealincomeofthefactorwhichintensivelyusedinthatgoodwillrise,whiletherealincomeoftheotherfactorwillfall.
10.Accordingto罗布津斯基效应Rybczynskieffect,atunchangedrelativegoodsprice,ifthesupplyofafactorofproductionincreases,theoutputofthegoodthatareintensiveinthatfactorwillrise,whiletheoutputoftheothergoodwillfall.
11.AccordingtoH-O模型H-Oproposition,ownersofacountry’sabundantfactorsgainfromtrade,butownersofacountry’sscarefactorslose.
12.Accordingto要素价格均等化命题Factorpriceequalizationproposition,internationaltradeproducesaconvergence(收敛)ofrelativegoodsprices.Thisconvergence,inturns,causestheconvergenceoftherelativefactorprices.Tradeleadstocompleteequalizationoffactorprices.(完整的要素价格均等化)
13.Threeassumptions(假设)crucialtothepredictionoffactorpriceequalizationareinrealityuntrue.Theseassumptionsare
(1)两个国家都生产两种产品bothcountriesproducebothgoods
(2)两国技术相同technologiesarethesame(3)存在贸易壁垒:
天然壁垒和人为壁垒Therearebarrierstotrade:
naturalbarriersandartificialbarriers.
14.“U.S.exportswerelesscapital-intensivethanU.S.imports”isknownas里昂惕夫悖论Leontiefparadox.
15.TheRicardianModel,theSpecificFactormodelandtheH-Omodelmaybeviewedasspecialcases(特殊情况)of标准贸易模型standardtrademodels
16.Thestandardtrademodelderives(派生推导)aworldrelativesupplycurve(曲线)fromproductionpossibilitiesandaworldrelativedemandcurvefrompreferences.
17.Toexport-biasedgrowth,ifthedecline(下降)ofthewelfarecausedbythedeterioration(恶化)ofthetermsoftradeswapover(交换)theriseofthewelfarecausedbygrowth,thegrowthisimmiserizinggrowth(贫困化增长).
18.Someeconomistsarguedthatexport-biasedgrowthbypoornationswouldworsentheirtermoftradesomuchthattheywouldbeworseoffthaniftheyhadnotgrownatall.Thissituationisknownasimmiserizinggrowth(贫困化增长).
19.Immiserizinggrowthdemandsstrictconditions,theseconditionsareeconomicgrowthisstronglyexport-biased,thegrowingcountryislargeenoughtoaffecttheworldprice,RSandRDmustbeverysteep.
20.Accordingto“梅茨勒悖论Metzleparadox”,tariffsandexportsubsidies(补贴)mighthaveperverse(有害的)effectsoninternalprice.
21.Inthemodelof“Monopolistic(垄断)CompetitionandTrade”,firmsofanindividualnationfacethetrade-offbetweeneconomiesofscaleandvarietyofproducts.
22.Marshallarguedthattherewerethreemainreasonswhyaclusteroffirms(企业集群)maybemoreefficientthananindividualfirminisolation:
specializedsupplies,labormarketpooling,knowledgespillovers(知识溢出)
23.Thepatternofintraindustry(产业内)tradeitselfisunpredicted,historyandaccidentdeterminethedetailsofthetradepattern.
39.Whenthereisexternaleconomies(外部经济),thepatternofinternationaltradeisdeterminedbyeconomicsofscaleinteractwithcomparativeadvantage.
24.Theindexes(指标)ofintrainindustrytradeofaindustrycanbecalculatedbythestandardformula:
25.Interindustrytradeandintrainindustry(产业内)tradearethesourcesofgainsfromtrade.Whencountriesaresimilarintheirrelativefactorsupplies、scaleeconomiesandproductdifferentiationsareimportant,intrainindustrytradeisthedominantsource(主要来源)ofgainsfromtrade,everyonegainsfromtrade.
26.Theargumentoftemporary(暂时的)protectionofindustriestoenablethemtogainexperienceisknownas幼稚产业论theinfantindustryargument
27.Ifweaddtogetherthegainsandlossesfromatariff,Wefindtheneteffectonnationalwelfarecanbeseparatedintotwoparts:
termsoftradegainandefficiencyloss
28.Whydocountriesadopttradepoliciessuchastarifforimportquota,whichproducemorecoststhanbenefits?
——tradepolitics
29.Inthepoliticaleconomyoftradepolicy(贸易政策的政治经济学),governmentareassumedto(被假定为)maximize政治成功politicalsuccessratherthan国家福利nationalwelfare.
30.Deviationsfromfreetradecansometimesincreasenationalwelfare.Theseargumentsincludethetermoftradeargumentforatariffandthedomesticmarketfailureargument
31.Accordingto“Specificrule(对症规则)”,domesticmarketfailureshouldbecorrectedbydomesticpoliciesaimeddirectlyattheproblem’ssources.
32.Althoughmarketfailuresareprobablycommon,thedomesticmarketfailureargumentagainstfreetradeshouldnotbeappliedtoofreely.Firstdomesticmarketfailureshouldbecorrectedbydomesticpoliciesaimeddirectlyattheproblems’sources;
Secondeconomistscannotdiagnosemarketfailurewellenoughtoprescribepolicy.
33.Internationaltradeoftenproduceslosersaswellaswinners.Intheactualpoliticsoftradepolicy,incomedistributionisofcrucialimportance.集体行动问题Theproblemofcollectiveactioncanexplainwhypoliciesthatnotonlyseemtoproducemorecoststhanbenefitsbutthatalsoseemtohurtfarmorevotersthemtheycanhelpcannonethelessbeadopted.
34.TheWTOincludesfouraspectscontent:
GATT1994,GATS,TRIPS,TRIMS
35.“Nondiscriminatory”principles(非歧视性原则)includemostfavorednationprincipleandnationaltreatmentprinciple
36.Forpreferential(优惠)tradingagreements,suchascustomsunion,countriesmustcedepartoftheirsovereigntytosupranationalentity(必须放弃部分主权的超国家实体)
37.Whetheracustomsunion(关税同盟)isdesirable(可取)orundesirabledependsonwhetheritlargelyleadstotradecreationortradediversion.
38.Tradepolicyindevelopingcountriesisconcernedwithtwoobjectives(涉及两个目标):
promotingindustrializationandCopingwiththeproblemofthedualeconomy.
39.Tradepolicyindevelopingcountriesisconcernedwithtwoobjectives:
promoting
industrializationandcopingwiththeproblemsofthedualeconomy.Correspondingly,therearetwomainargumentsfordevelopingcountriestopursuepolicyofimport-substitutingindustrialization.Thetwoargumentsaretheinfantindustryargumenttandmarketfailurejustificationforinfantindustryprotection.
40.Sophisticatedproponentsoftheinfantindustryargumenthaveidentifiedtwomarketfailuresasreasonswhyinfantindustryprotectionmaybeagoodidea:
TheimperfectcapitalmarketsjustificationandTheappropriabilityargument.
PartⅡ.TrueorFalse(trueandfalsearedenotedby“T”and“F”,respectively)
1.IfaLW*/aLC*<
aLW/aLC,Home’srelativeproductivityincheeseishigher.(T)
2.AccordingtotheRicardianmodel,itispreciselybecausetherelativewageisbetweentherelativeproductivitiesthateachcountryendsupwithacostadvantageinonegood.Thegoodforwhich
>
willbeproducedinForeign.(F)
3.Itispreciselybecausetherelativewageisbetweentherelativeproductivitiesthateachcountryendsupwithacostadvantageinonegood.(T)
4.Long-runconvergence(长期收敛)inproductivity(生产力)produceslong-runconvergenceinwages.(T)
5.“Koreanworkersearnonly$2.50anhour;
ifweallowKoreatoexportasmuchasitlikestotheUnitedStates,ourworkerswillbeforceddowntothesamelevel.Youcan’timporta$5shirtwithoutimportingthe$2.50wagethatgoeswithit.”(F)
6.Thepropositionthattradeisbeneficialisunqualified(不合格).Thatis,thereisnorequirementthatacountrybe“competitive”orthatthetradebe“fair”.(T)
7.Freetradeisbeneficialonlyifyourcountryisstrongenoughtostanduptoforeigncompetition.(F)
8.Foreigncompetitionisunfairandhurtsothercountrieswhenitisbasedonlowwages.(F)
9.Tradeexploitsacountryandmakeitworseoffifitsworkersreceivemuchlowerwagethanworkersinothernations.(F)
10.TheRicardianModelpredictsanextremedegree(预测一个极端的程度)ofspecialization(专业化).(T)
11.TheRicardianModelneglects(忽略)theeffectsonincomedistribution.(T)
12.ThebasicpredictionoftheRicardianmodelhasbeenstronglyconfirmedbyanumberofstudiesoveryears.(T)
13.TheRicardianModelpredictsthatcountriestendtoexportthosegoodsinwhichtheirproductivityisrelativehigh.(T)
14.Wecanthinkoffactorspecificityasamatteroftime.(T)
15.Theopportunitycostofmanufactureintermsoffoodisdenotedby(表示)MPLM/MPLF.(F)
16.Aequalproportionalchangeinpricehavenorealeffectsontherealwage,realincomeofcapitalownerandlandowner.(T)
17.Tradebenefitsthefactorthatisspecifictotheimport-competingsectorsofeachcountrybuthurtsthefactortotheexportsectors,withambiguouseffectsonmobilefactors.(F)
18.Itispossibleinprincipleforacountry’sgovernmenttousetaxesandsubsidies(补贴)toredistribute(重新分配)incometogiveeachindividualmoreofbothgoods.(T)
19.Althoughinternationaltradehasstrongeffectsonincomedistribution,therearestillpossibleinprincipletomakeeachindividualbetteroff.(T)
20.Typically,thosewhogainfromtradeinanyparticularproductareamuchmoreconcentrated,informed,andorganizedgroupthanthosewholose.(F)
21.Conflictsofinterest(利益冲突)withinnationsareusuallymoreimportantindeterminingtradepolicythanconflictsofinterestbetweennations.(T)
22.Generally,economistsdonotregardtheincomedistributioneffectsoftradeasagoodreasontolimittrade.(T)
23.Theformulationoftradepolicy(贸易政策的制定)isakindofpoliticalprocess(政治进程).(T)
24.“Theworld’spoorestcountriescan’tfindanythingtoexport.Thereisnoresourcethatisabundant—certainlynotcapitalorland,andinsmallpoornationsnotevenlaborisabu
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