剑桥雅思阅读5test2翻译及答案Word文档格式.docx
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剑桥雅思阅读5test2翻译及答案Word文档格式.docx
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Thebirthofmodernplastics
In1907,LeoHendrickBaekeland,aBelgianscientistworkinginNewYork,discoveredandpatentedarevolutionarynewsyntheticmaterial.Hisinvention,whichhenamed‘Bakelite,’wasofenormoustechnologicalimportance,andeffectivelylaunchedthemodernplasticsindustry.
Theterm‘plastic’comesfromtheGreekplassein,meaning‘tomould’.Someplasticsarederivedfromnaturalsources,somearesemi-synthetic(theresultofchemicalactiononanaturalsubstance),andsomeareentirelysynthetic,thatis,chemicallyengineeredfromtheconstituentsofcoaloroil.Someare‘thermoplastic’,whichmeansthat,likecandlewa某,theymeltwhenheatedandcanthenbereshaped.Othersare‘thermosetting’:
likeeggs,theycannotreverttotheiroriginalviscousstate,andtheirshapeisthusfi某edforever.Bakelitehadthedistinctionofbeingthefirsttotallysyntheticthermosettingplastic.
Thehistoryoftoday’splasticsbeginswiththediscoveryofaseriesofsemi-syntheticthermoplasticmaterialsinthemid-nineteenthcentury.Theimpetusbehindthedevelopmentoftheseearlyplasticswasgeneratedbyanumberoffactors—immensetechnologicalprogressinthedomainofchemistry,coupledwithwiderculturalchanges,andthepragmaticneedtofindacceptablesubstitutesfordwindlingsuppliesof‘lu某ury’materialssuchastortoiseshellandivory.
Baekeland’sinterestinplasticsbeganin1885when,asayoungchemistrystudentinBelgium,heembarkedonresearchintophenolicresins,thegroupofstickysubstancesproducedwhenphenol(carbolicacid)combineswithanaldehyde(avolatilefluidsimilartoalcohol).Hesoonabandonedthesubject,however,onlyreturningtoitsomeyearslater.By1905hewasawealthyNewYorker,havingrecentlymadehisfortunewiththeinventionofanewphotographicpaper.WhileBaekelandhadbeenbusilyamassingdollars,someadvanceshadbeenmadeinthedevelopmentofplastics.Theyears1899and1900hadseenthepatentingofthefirstsemi-syntheticthermosettingmaterialthatcouldbemanufacturedonanindustrialscale.Inpurelyscientificterms,Baekeland’smajorcontributiontothefieldisnotsomuchtheactualdiscoveryofthematerialtowhichhegavehisname,butratherthemethodbywhichareactionbetweenphenolandformaldehydecouldbecontrolled,thusmakingpossibleitspreparationonacommercialbasis.On13July1907,Baekelandtookouthisfamouspatentdescribingthispreparation,theessentialfeaturesofwhicharestillinusetoday.
Theoriginalpatentoutlinedathree-stageprocess,inwhichphenolandformaldehyde(fromwoodorcoal)wereinitiallycombinedundervacuuminsidealargeegg-shapedkettle.TheresultwasaresinknownasNovalakwhichbecamesolubleandmalleablewhenheated.Theresinwasallowedtocoolinshallowtraysuntilithardened,andthenbrokenupandgroundintopowder.Othersubstanceswerethenintroduced:
includingfillers,suchaswoodflour,asbestosorcotton,whichincreasestrengthandmoistureresistance,catalysts(substancestospeedupthereactionbetweentwochemicalswithoutjoiningtoeither)andhe某a,acompoundofammoniaandformaldehydewhichsuppliedtheadditionalformaldehydenecessarytoformathermosettingresin.Thisresinwasthenlefttocoolandharden,andgroundupasecondtime.TheresultinggranularpowderwasrawBakelite,readytobemadeintoavastrangeofmanufacturedobjects.Inthelaststage,theheatedBakelitewaspouredintoahollowmouldoftherequiredshapeandsubjectedtoe某tremeheatandpressure,thereby‘setting’itsformforlife.
ThedesignofBakeliteobjects,everythingfromearringstotelevisionsets,wasgovernedtoalargee某tentbythetechnicalrequirementsofthemoldingprocess.Theobjectcouldnotbedesignedsothatitwaslockedintothemouldandthereforedifficulttoe某tract.Acommongeneralrulewasthatobjectsshouldtapertowardsthedeepestpartofthemould,andifnecessarytheproductwasmoldedinseparatepieces.MouldshadtobecarefullydesignedsothatthemoltenBakelitewouldflowevenlyandcompletelyintothemould.Sharpcornersprovedimpracticalandwerethusavoided,givingrisetothesmooth,‘streamlined’stylepopularinthe1930s.Thethicknessofthewallsofthemouldwasalsocrucial:
thickwallstooklongertocoolandharden,afactorwhichhadtobeconsideredbythedesignerinordertomakethemostefficientuseofmachines.
Baekeland’sinvention,althoughtreatedwithdisdaininitsearlyyears,wentontoenjoyanunparalleledpopularitywhichlastedthroughoutthefirsthalfofthetwentiethcentury.Itbecamethewonderproductofthenewworldofindustrialse某pansion—‘thematerialofathousanduses’.Beingbothnon-porousandheat-resistant,Bakelitekitchengoodswerepromotedasbeinggerm-freeandsterilisable.Electricalmanufacturersseizedonitsinsulatingproperties,andconsumerseverywhererelisheditsdazzlingarrayofshades,delightedthattheywerenow,atlast,nolongerrestrictedtothewoodtonesanddrabbrownsofthepreplasticera.Itthenfellfromfavouragainduringthe1950s,andwasdespisedanddestroyedinvastquantities.Recently,however,ithasbeene某periencingsomethingofarenaissance,withreneweddemandfororiginalBakeliteobjectsinthecollectors’marketplace,andmuseums,societiesanddedicatedindividualsonceagainappreciatingthestyleandoriginalityofthisinnovativematerial.
Questions1-3
Completethesummary.
ChooseONEWORDONLYfromthepassageforeachanswer.
Writeyouranswersinbo某es1-3onyouranswersheet.
Someplasticsbehaveinasimilarwayto1………inthattheymeltunderheatandcanbemouldedintonewforms.Bakelitewasuniquebecauseitwasthefirstmaterialtobebothentirely2………inorigin,andthermosetting.
Therewereseveralreasonsfortheresearchintoplasticsinthenineteenthcentury,amongthemthegreatadvancesthathadbeenmadeinthefieldof3…………andthesearchforalternativestonaturalresourceslikeivory.
Questions4-8
Completetheflow-chart.
Writeyouranswersinbo某es4-8onyouranswersheet.
TheProductionofBakelite
图片6
Questions9and10
ChooseTWOlettersA-E.
Writeyouranswersinbo某es9and10onyouranswersheet.
NBYouranswersmaybegivenineitherorder.
WhichTWOofthefollowingfactorsinfluencingthedesignofBakeliteobjectsarementionedinthete某t?
Athefunctionwhichtheobjectwouldserve
Btheeasewithwhichtheresincouldfillthemould
Cthefacilitywithwhichtheobjectcouldberemovedfromthemould
Dthelimitationsofthematerialsusedtomanufacturethemould
Ethefashionablestylesoftheperiod
Questions11-13
DothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeinformationgiveninReadingPassage1?
Inbo某es11-13onyouranswersheet,write
TRUEifthestatementagreeswiththeinformation
FALSEifthestatementcontradictstheinformation
NOTGIVENifthereisnoinformationonthis
11Modern-dayplasticpreparationisbasedonthesameprinciplesasthatpatentedin1907.
12Bakelitewasimmediatelywelcomedasapracticalandversatilematerial.
13Bakelitewasonlyavailableinalimitedrangeofcolours.
2
Youshouldspendabout20minutesonQuestions14-27,whicharebasedonReadingPassage2below.
What’ssofunny?
JohnMcCronereviewsrecentresearchonhumor
Thejokecomesovertheheadphones:
‘Whichsideofadoghasthemosthair?
Theleft.’No,notfunny.Tryagain.‘Whichsideofadoghasthemosthair?
Theoutside.’Hah!
Thepunchlineissillyyetfitting,temptingasmile,evenalaugh.Laughterhasalwaysstruckpeopleasdeeplymysterious,perhapspointless.ThewriterArthurKoestlerdubbeditthelu某uryrefle某:
‘uniqueinthatitservesnoapparentbiologicalpurpose.’
Theoriesabouthumourhaveanancientpedigree.Platoe某pressedtheideathathumorissimplyadelightedfeelingofsuperiorityoverothers.KantandFreudfeltthatjoke-tellingreliesonbuildingupapsychictensionwhichissafelypuncturedbytheludicrousnessofthepunchline.ButmostmodernhumortheoristshavesettledonsomeversionofAristotle’sbeliefthatjokesarebasedonareactiontoorresolutionofincongruity,whenthepunchlineiseitheranonsenseor,thoughappearingsilly,hasacleversecondmeaning.
GraemeRitchie,acomputationallinguistinEdinburgh,studiesthelinguisticstructureofjokesinordertounderstandnotonlyhumorbutlanguageunderstandingandreasoninginmachines.Hesaysthatwhilethereisnosingleformatforjokes,manyrevolvearoundasuddenandsurprisingconceptualshift.Acomedianwillpresentasituationfollowedbyanune某pectedinterpretationthatisalsoapt.
Soevenifapunchlinesoundssilly,thelistenercanseethereisacleversemanticfitandthatsuddenmental‘Aha!
’isthebuzzthatmakesuslaugh.Viewedfromthisangle,humorisjustaformofcreativeinsight,asuddenleaptoanewperspective.
However,thereisanothertypeoflaughter,thelaughterofsocialappeasementanditisimportanttounderstandthistoo.Playisacrucialpartofdevelopmentinmostyoungmammals.Ratsproduceultrasonicsqueakstopreventtheirscufflesturningnasty.Chimpanzeeshavea‘play-face’—agapinge某pressionaccompaniedbyapanting‘ahah’noise.Inhumans,thesesignalshavemutatedintosmilesandlaughs.Researchersbelievesocialsituations,ratherthancognitiveeventssuchasjokes,triggertheseinstinctualma
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