tpo25Word文档格式.docx

tpo25Word文档格式.docx

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tpo25阅读翻译+答案解析（word版下载）：

托福阅读原文

【1】Inthelatethirteenthcentury,northernItaliancitiessuchasGenoa,Florence,andVenicebegananeconomicresurgencethatmadethemintothemostimportanteconomiccentersofEurope.Bytheseventeenthcentury,however,otherEuropeanpowershadtakenover,astheItaliancitieslostmuchoftheireconomicmight.

【2】ThisdeclinecanbeseenclearlyinthechangesthataffectedVenetianshippingandtrade.First,Venice’sintermediaryfunctionsintheAdriaticSea,whereithaddominatedthebusinessofshippingforotherparties,werelosttodirecttrading.Inthefifteenthcenturytherewaslittleproblemrecruitingsailorstorowthegalleys（largeshipspropelledbyoars）:

guilds（businessassociations）wererequiredtoproviderowers,andthroughadraftsystemfreecitizensservedcompulsorilywhencalledfor.Intheearlysixteenthcenturytheshortageofrowerswasnotseriousbecausethedemandforgalleyswaslimitedbyamovetoroundships（round-hulledshipswithmorecargospace）,withrequiredfewerrowers.Buttheshortageofcrewsprovedtobeagreaterandgreaterproblem,despitecontinuousappealtoVenic’straditionofmaritimegreatness.Eventhoughsailors’wagesdoubledamongthenorthernItaliancitiesfrom1550to1590,thisdidnotelicitanincreasedsupply.

【3】TheprobleminshippingextendedtotheArsenale,Venice’shugeandpowerfulshipyard.Timberranshort,anditwasnecessarytoprocureitfromfartherandfartheraway.InancientRomantimes,theItalianpeninsulahadgreatforestoffirpreferredforwarships,butscarcitywasapparentasearlyastheearlyfourteenthcentury.ArsenaleofficersfirstbroughttimberfromthefoothillsoftheAlps,thenfromnorthtowardTrieste,andfinallyfromacrosstheAdriatic.Privateshipbuilderswererequiredtobuytheiroakabroad.Asthecostsofshipbuildingrose,VeniceclungtoitsoutdatedstandardwhiletheDutchwereinnovationinthelighterandmoreeasilyhandledships.

【4】Thestepfrombuyingforeigntimbertobuyingforeignshipswasregardedasashortone,especiallywhencomplaintswereheardinthelattersixteenthcenturythatthestandardsandtraditionsoftheArsenalewererunningdown.Workwasstretchedoutanddonepoorly.Olderworkershadbeenallowedtostopworkahalfhourbeforetheregulartime,andin1601youngerworksleftwiththem.MerchantscomplainedthattheprivilegesreservedforVenetian-builtandownedshipswerefirstextendedtothoseVenetianswhoboughtshipsfromabroadandthentoforeign-builtandownedvessels.HistorianFredericLaneobservesthatafterthelossofshipsinbattleinthelatesixteenthcentury,theshipbuildingindustrynolongerhadthecapacitytorecoverthatithaddisplayedatthestartofthecentury.

【5】TheconventionalexplanationforthelossofVenetiandominanceintradeisestablishmentofthePortuguesedirectsearoutetotheEast,replacingtheoverlandSilkRoadfromtheBlackseaandthehighlyprofitableIndianOcean-caravan-easternMediterraneanroutetoVenice.ThePortugueseVascodaGama’sVoyagearoundsouthernAfricatoIndiatookplaceattheendofthefifteenthcentury,andby1502thetrans-Abrabiancaravanroutehadbeencutoffbypoliticalunrest.

【6】TheVenetianCouncilfinallyallowedroundshipstoenterthetradethatwaspreviouslyreservedformerchantgalleys,thusreducingtransportcostbyonethird.PricesofspicesdeliveredbyshipfromtheeasternMediterraneancametoequalthoseofspicestransportedbyPaortuguesevessels,buttheincreaseinquantitywithbothroutesinoperationdrovethepricefardown.Gradually,Venice’sroleasastorageanddistributioncenterforspicesandsilk,dyescotton,andgolddecayed,andbytheearlyseventeenthcenturyVenicehadlostitsmonopolyinmarketssuchasFranceandsouthernGermany.

【7】Venetianshippinghadstartedtodeclinefromabout1530-beforetheentryintotheMediterraneanoflargevolumesofDutchandBritishshipping-andwasclearlyoutclassedbytheendofthecentury.AcontemporaryofShakespeare（1564-1616）observedthattheproductivityofItalianshippinghaddeclined,comparedwiththatoftheBritish,becauseofconservatismandlossofexpertise.Moreover,Italiansailorsweredesertingandemigrating,andcaptains,nolongerrecruitedfromtheranksofnobles,wereweakonnavigations.

托福阅读试题

1.Theword“resurgence”（paragraph1）inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

A.transformation.

B.comeback.

C.program.

D.expansion.

2.Theword“compulsorily”inthepassage（paragraph1）isclosestinmeaningto

A.forfree.

B.foratime.

C.byrequirement.

D.bydesign.

3.Accordingtoparagraph2,whichofthefollowingcontributedtothedeclineofVenetianshipping?

A.ThelossoftradeinAdriaticSea.

B.Themovefromgalleystoroundships.

C.Thedecreaseddemandforgalleys.

D.Thedoublingofsailor’swages.

4.Allofthefollowingarementionedinparagraph2aswaysthatVeniceprovidedrowersforitsgalleyEXCEPT

A.Requiringbusinessassociationstoprovidesailors.

B.RecruitingsailorsfromothercitiesinnorthernItaly.

C.DraftingVenetiancitizensintoservicesasrowers.

D.AppealingtothetraditionsofVeniceasaseapower.

5.Theword“outdated”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

A.strict.

B.enforced.

C.improved.

D.old-fashioned.

6.Accordingtoparagraphs3,whydidthebuildingofshipsinVenetianshipyardsbecomeincreasinglyexpensive?

A.ThewagesofofficersandworkersintheArsenalekeptrising.

B.Romanshipyardswereusingalltheavailablefirtreesforthewarships.

C.Thetimberusedintheshipbuildinghadtobebroughtfromfartherandfartheraway.

D.Venetianstandardsrequiredthatshipbuildersusetop-qualitymaterials.

7.Allofthefollowingarementionedinparagraph3and4ascontributingtotheproblemsoftheVenetianshipbuildingindustryattheendofthesixteenthcenturyEXCEPT

A.ThequalityofworkperformedintheArsenalehaddeclined.

B.Venetian–builtshipswereheavyandgenerallyinefficient.

C.Arsenaleshipbuildersworkedmoreslowly.

D.OnlyafewmerchantscontrolledthebuyingandsellingofmostoftheVenetian-builtships.

8.Whichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinthepassage?

Incorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.

A.ThelossofshipsinbattleattheendofthesixteenthcenturyshowedthatVenetianshipbuilderslackedtheskillstheyhadpossessedatthebeginningofthecentury.

B.Venetianshipbuildingfailedtoquicklyreplacetheshipslostinbattleattheendofthesixteenthcenturyasitwouldhavedoneearlierinthecentury.

C.FredericLanenotedthatVenicelostshipsinbattleattheendofthesixteenthcentury,showingthatVenetianshipbuildingwasnotlongerknownforitsreliability.

D.Venetianshipbuildinghadbeenknownforitshighqualityofworkatthebeginningofthesixteenthcentury,buttowardtheendofthecenturyVenetianshipswerepoorerinquality.

9.Theword“conventional”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

A.informal.

B.logical.

C.correct.

D.usual.

10.Whydoestheauthormention“VascodaGama’VoyagearoundsouthernAfricatoIndia”inthepassage?

A.toindicatehowthePortuguesecametochallengeVenetiandominanceoftradewiththeEast.

B.toexplainwhypoliticaltroublesresultedintheclosingoftheusualroutestoIndia.

C.toprovethatVenetianscouldnotsailroundshipsasefficientlyassailorsfromothercountriesdid.

D.toshowthatVenetianrelianceonroundshipsratherthangalleysprovedtobeweakness.

11.Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromparagraph6abouttheVenetianCouncil’sdecisionconcerningtheuseofroundships?

A.ItresultedinareturntoprofitableinluxurygoodsforVenetianmerchants.

B.UltimatelyitdidnotrestorethesuperiorityinthespicetradethatVenicehadenjoyedearlier.

C.IteventuallyenabledVenetianmerchantstoincreasethequantityandpriceofthespicestheysoldinEurope.

D.Itmeansalong-awaitedimprovementinthefortunesoftheshipbuildingindustryinVenice.

12.Accordingtoparagraphs6,inthesixteenthcenturythepriceofspicesdeclinedbecause

A.FranceandGermanyestablishedmonopoliesanddictatedprices.

B.VenetianmerchantgalleyscompetedwithVenetianroundshipsforthespicetrade.

C.MorespiceswereavailablebecauseboththeVenetiansandthePortuguesewereimportingthem.

D.Increaseddemandforsilk,dyes,cottonandgoldmeantthatpeoplehadlessmoneytospendonspices.

13.Lookatthefoursquaresthatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecouldbeaddedtothepassage.Wherewouldthesentencebestfit?

Clickonasquaretoaddthesentencetothepassage.Theincreaseinrewardstilldidnotattractyoungpeopletothishardlife,andconvictedcriminalsandslaveswerepressedintoservices.

ThisdeclinecanbeseenclearlyinthechangesthataffectedVenetianshippingandtrade.First,Venic’sintermediaryfunctionsintheAdriaticSea,whereithaddominatedthebusinessofshippingforotherparties,werelosttodirecttrading.Inthefifteenthcenturytherewaslittleproblemrecruitingsailorstorowthegalleys（largeshipspropelledbyoars）:

guilds（businessassociations）wererequiredtoproviderowers,andthroughadraftsystemfreecitizensservedcompulsorilywhencalledfor.【A】Intheearlysixteenthcenturytheshortageofrowerswasnotseriousbeca