关联理论视域下《老友记》中言语幽默认知解读DOCWord文件下载.docx
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关联理论视域下《老友记》中言语幽默认知解读DOCWord文件下载.docx
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(Grade2008)
ARELEVANCE-THEORETICALAPPROACH
TOVERBALHUMORINFRIENDS
关联理论视域下《老友记》中言语幽默的认知解读
摘要
幽默在社会交际中可以化解矛盾,增进友情,平添生活乐趣。
“从幽默借助的主要交流媒介区分,幽默可以分为非言语幽默和言语幽默。
非言语幽默指那些不需要借助语言工具向人们传递幽默信息的幽默手段。
言语幽默是同幽默发出者、接受者、应用的语言形式,以及相关的语境密不可分。
”本文主要对美国情景喜剧《老友记》中的言语幽默进行研究。
回顾以往对情景喜剧中幽默所做的研究,我们发现这些研究大多局限于语篇分析,外语教学、跨文化研究等领域。
Sperber和Wilson在《关联性:
交际与认知》中提出关联理论,该理论为幽默的理解提供了一个崭新的视角。
本文尝试以Sperber和Wilson提出的关联理论为框架,同时以情景喜剧《老友记》的剧本台词为语料来源,对曾风靡整个美国的情景喜剧《老友记》中的言语幽默进行分析和解读,通过对其幽默策略的分析,研究幽默的产生机制。
研究方法主要是描述性研究。
本文主要包括三个部分:
第一部分介绍关联理论的一些重要概念,包括认知环境与互明,明示推理及关联原则。
这些概念的阐述对理解本文的分析有重要作用。
第二部分介绍理解和分析幽默产生策略的方法,这部分是第三部分的一个重要铺垫,只有理解了幽默产生的策略,才能理解第三部分的分析过程。
第三部分详细描述了幽默产生的过程,同时总结出了幽默产生的分析模式。
关键词:
关联理论;
言语幽默;
幽默策略;
幽默效果
ARELEVANCE-THEORETICALAPPROACHTO
VERBALHUMORINFRIENDS
ABSTRACT
Thehumorinsocialcommunicationcanresolveconflicts,promotefriendship,andaddtheenjoymenttolife."
Fromthestandpointofthemaincommunicationmedium,humorcanbedividedintonon-verbalhumorandverbalhumor.Non-verbalhumormeanspeopletransferhumorwithoutlanguages.Verbalhumorisconcernedwiththeformsoflanguagethatthesenderandrecipientused,andcontextofcommunication."
Inthispaper,theresearchaimsatanalyzingtheverbalhumorintheU.S.sitcom"
Friends"
.
Reviewingthepaststudiesofthesitcomhumor,wefoundthatthesestudiesaremostlyconfinedtotextualanalysis,foreignlanguageteaching,cross-culturalandotherfields.SperberandWilson,inRelevance:
CommunicationandCognition,putforwardtherelevancetheory.Theyprovideanewperspectivefortheunderstandingofhumor.ThispaperbaseonthetheoryandtakethetranscriptofsitcomFriendsasthedatasourcestoanalysistheverbalhumorinthesitcomFriendswhichhadsweptthroughouttheUnitedStates.Thispapermainlytakesdescriptivemethodanddealswiththefollowingthreeparts:
Thefirstpartintroducestheimportantconceptsofrelevancetheory,includingCognitiveEnvironmentandMutualManifestness,Ostensive–inferential,andtheprincipleofrelevance.Theinterpretationoftheseconceptsfortheunderstandingofthetextanalysisprocessisextremelyimportant.Thesecondpartintroducesthewaytounderstandandanalysisthestrategyofhumorproduction.Thispartisessentiallyaforeshadowingofthethirdpart,onlyunderstandingthehumorstrategy,canweunderstandtheanalysisinstance.Thethirdpartisthemostimportantpart,whichfocusestoelaboratehumorproductionprocess,andsumsuptheanalysismodeofhumorproduction.
Keywords:
RelevanceTheory;
verbalhumor;
humorstrategy;
humorouseffect
Contents
Introduction………………………………………………………………………….1
1RelevanceTheory……………………………………………………………….....3
1.1DefinitionofRelevanceTheory………………………………………………..3
1.2PrincipleofRelevance………………………………………………………….3
1.3CognitiveEnvironmentandMutualManifestness……………………………...4
1.4Ostensive–inferential…………………………………………………………...4
2RelevanceTheoryAccountofHumorProductionStrategies……………………5
2.1SuspenseofConversationalBackground……………………………………….5
2.2DeliberateTwistingoftheContext………………………………………….…..5
2.3CognitiveEnvironment…………………………………………………….........5
2.4SurplusofInformation…………………………………………………………..6
3ARelevance-TheoreticalAnalysisofHumorin“Friends”.....................................7
3.1CreatingHumorbySuspenseofConversationalBackground…………………...7
3.2CreatingHumorbyDeliberateTwistingoftheContext………………………....8
3.3CreatingHumorbyInconsistentCognitiveEnvironment……………………......8
3.4CreatingHumorbySurplusofInformation………………………………….…..9
Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………......11
Bibliography………………………………………………….………………………12
Acknowledgements……………………………………………………………………13
Introduction
Humorasageneralphenomenonincommunicationhasbeenlovedbythepeople.Noonecanignorethepowerofhumor,becauseitcangiveusasenseofjoyandhappinessinourfrustration.Asawayofentertainment,humormakesthelifemorecolorful.
Humorresearchhasbeensoughtafterbyscholarsinvariousfields,includingaesthetics,philosophy,andsociology.ThestudyofhumorcanbetracedbacktothetimeofAristotle(384-322B.C.)andFreud(1856-1939).NotablestudiesonhumorhavebeenundertakenbyAristotleinThePoeticsandFreudinJokesandTheirRelationstotheUnconscious.
Asatelevisionprogram,sitcomespeciallyAmericansitcomhasbeensweepingtheworld.Oneofthemostrepresentativesisthe"
Friends."
Thehumoreffectincomedyisachievedthroughverbalandnon-verbalformsofhumor.Atpresent,thestudyofhumorinthesitcomisstillrelativelyless.Inthepast,scholarsoftenusetheprincipleofcooperationtointerpretthehumor,buttheuseofrelevancetheoryisveryfewtoanalyzesitcom
Thispaperwillfromtheperspectiveofrelevancetheory,studytheverbalhumorinthesitcom"
Friends"
.RelevanceTheorywasputforwardbySperberandWilson(1986,1995)inthebookRelevance:
CommunicationandCognition.Inthisbook,SperberandWilsonproposedanewapproachtothestudyofhumancommunication.Thismethodisbasedonthegeneralviewofhumancognition,whichmeanshumanattentionandthinkingisunconscioustendingtorelevantinformation.Communicationistodrawsomeone’sattention,henceitisimpliedthattheinformationcommunicatedisrelevant.SperberandWilsonsuggestthatallhumanostensivecommunicationisa“ostensive-inferential”cognitiveprocess.RelevantTheorytellsusthat“Humancognitiontendstobegearedtothemaximizationofrelevance”.And“Everyactofostensivecommunicationcommunicatesapresumptionofitsownoptimalrelevance”.Thispaperattemptstointerpretandanalyzethestrategyofverbalhumor,withexamplestostudythecognitiveenvironmentandOstensive–inferentialprocessinordertofindthemechanismofthehumorouseffectproduction,thusprovingthestrongexplanatorypoweroftherelevancetheorytohumor.
1RelevanceTheory
ThissectionMainlyintroducessomeimportantconceptsofRelevanceTheory,concludingtheprincipleofRelevanceTheory,CognitiveEnvironmentandMutualManifestness,andOstensive–inferential.
1.1DefinitionofRelevanceTheory
RelevanceTheorywasputforwardbySperberandWilson(1986,1995)inthebookRelevance:
CommunicationandCognition,whichpresentanewapproachtostudyhumancommunication.Thisapproachisbasedonageneralviewofhumancognition.Thatis,humanattentionandthoughtvoluntarilyturntotheinformationwhichseemsrelevant.Inotherwords,humanverbalcommunicationisconsideredasostensive-inferentialcognitiveprocessand“everyactofostensivecommunicationcommunicatesapresumptionofitsownoptimalrelevance”.SperberandWilsonproposedtheprincipleofrelevancewhichisappliedtointerprettheprocessofostensive-inferentialincommunication,includinghumorousutterances.
1.2PrincipleofRelevance
ThefirstprincipleofRelevanceTheoryisnamedtheCognitivePrinciplesofRelevance:
“Humancognitiontendstobegearedtothemaximizationofrelevance”.
ThesecondprincipleofrelevancetheoryisCommunicativePrincipleofRelevance:
“Everyactofostensivecommunicationcommunicatesapresumptionofitsownoptimalrelevance”.
Inotherwords,humancognitionisbasedonthemaximizationofrelevance,andcommunicationisbasedontheoptimalrelevance.Themaximizationofrelevancemeanstopaytheminimumpossibleefforttoachievethegreatestcontextualeffects,andoptimalrelevancemeanstopayeffectivecommunicationeffortstoobtainsufficientcontextualeffects.Inthecommunicationprocess,bothsidestendtofollowtheprincipleofrelevance,combinedwiththecontexttofindoptimalrelevancetoachievethepurposeofcommunication.
1.3CognitiveEnvironmentandMutualManifestness
RelevanceTheoryclaimsthatthecognitiveenvironmentisacollectionofpeoplewhoknowsaseriesoffactsorassumptions.MutualManifestnessistheinformationorfactswhichbothsidesunderstand.
Cognitiveenvironmentmeanscontext,alsoknownascontextualassumptions.ContextinRelevanceTheoryisdifferentfromthecontextweknewbefore,herethecontextisadynamicprocess.The"
context"
mentionedintherelevancetheorymeansnotsimplytheprecedinglinguistictext,orthephysicalenvironmentinwhichtheutterancetakesplace,butasetofassumptionsbroughttobearinarrivingattheintendedinterpretation.Soitisalsocalled"
contextualassumptions"
includingavarietyofexpectations,ideas,beliefs,memories,etc.Intheprocessofcommunication,peoplemakeassumptionsandreasoningthroughthegiveninformation.Withtheemergenceofnewinformation,peoplewillbeadjustedtotheassumptionbefore.Peopleneversharewhollythesamecognitiveenvironment,Butitispossiblethatthereisanintersectionoftwopeople'
stotalenvironments,asthesamefactsandassumptionsmaybemanifestedinbothofthetwopeople'
scognitiveenvironments.
1.4Ostensive–inferential
SperberandWilsondefinetheostensive–inferentialcommunicationasfollows:
“thecommunicatorproducesastimuluswhichmakesitmutuallymanifesttocommunicatorandaudiencethatthecommunicatorintends.Bymeansofthisstimulus,tomakemanifestormoremanifesttotheaudienceasetofassumptions.”
Thatmeanscommunicationisaprocessofostensive–inferentialwhichintroduceinformativeintentionandcommunicativeintent.Fromthespeaker'
spointofview,thepurposeofcommunicationistoshowhisinformativeintent.Fromthehearer’spointofview,communicationisareasoningprocesstounderstandthecommunicativeintention.Thereasoningisbasedonthe
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