国际机构Word格式文档下载.docx
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国际机构Word格式文档下载.docx
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Contents
5.Acknowlegement
6.References
1.Introduction
Withthedevelopmentoftheinternationaleconomy,manynewindustriesandbusinesswaysareraisingup,theentireworldbecomingsmallerandsmallerasregionsaregettingcloser.Inordertotakinggoodcontrolofallthisbusinessprojectsandcreatingmoreefficientwaystopromotetheprogressoftrade,countrieswiththesameprofitablepursuitsareintendtomakeallianceandnegotiatingtoachievetheircommonagreements,thisalliancesareinternationalinstitutions,nowadays,theyareplayingamoreandmoreimportantroleoninternationalenvironment.
Inthisreport,towinternationalinstitutionsaremainlyintroducedandanalysed.Astheyaretheprominentofit.Whatsroleofthistwogroupsareplayingontheinternationalenvironmentandhowtheychangetheworldeconomyaretwomainquestionsinthisreportandwillbeanalyseddetailed.
2.TheWorldbank
TheWorldBankisavitalsourceoffinancialandtechnicalassistancetodevelopingcountriesaroundtheworld.Itisnotabankintheordinarysensebutauniquepartnershiptoreducepovertyandsupportdevelopment.TheWorldBankGroupestablishedin1944,headquarteredinWashington,D.C.havemorethan10,000employeesinmorethan120officesworldwide.Itcomprisesfiveinstitutionsmanagedbytheirmembercountries,whichincludingIBRD,IFC,IDA,MIGA,ICSID.
2.1IBRD
IBRDistheoriginalWorldBankinstitution.ItworkscloselywiththerestoftheWorldBankGrouptohelpdevelopingcountriesreducepoverty,promoteeconomicgrowth,andbuildprosperity.providesloansandotherassistanceprimarilytomiddleincomecountries.itisownedbythegovernmentsofits
188membercountries,whicharerepresentedbya25-memberboardof5appointedand20electedExecutiveDirectors.
2.1.1IBRD’sServices
TheWorldBankGroupworkswithmiddleincomecountriessimultaneouslyasclients,shareholders,andglobalactors.Asthispartnershipevolves,IBRDisprovidinginnovativefinancialsolutions,includingfinancialproducts(loans,guarantees,andriskmanagementproducts)andknowledgeandadvisoryservices(includingonareimbursablebasis)togovernmentsatboththenationalandsubnationallevels.
Theinstitutionprovidesacombinationoffinancialresources,knowledgeandtechnicalservices,andstrategicadvicetodevelopingcountries,includingmiddleincomeandcredit-worthylowerincomecountries.
2.1.2FinancingmethodsofIBRD
IBRDraisesmostofitsfundsintheworld'
sfinancialmarkets.Infact,inthesemarkets,IBRDisknownsimplyastheWorldBank.ThispracticehasallowedIBRDtoprovidemorethan$500billioninloanstoalleviatepovertyaroundtheworldsince1946,withitsshareholdergovernmentspayinginabout$14billionincapital.
IBRDhasmaintainedatriple-Aratingsince1959.Itshighcreditratingallowsittoborrowatlowcostandoffermiddle-incomedevelopingcountriesaccesstocapitalonfavorableterms--
inlargervolumes,withlongermaturities,andinamoresustainablemannerthanworldfinancialmarketstypicallyprovide.
IBRDearnsincomeeveryyearfromthereturnonitsequityandfromthesmallmarginitmakesonlending.ThispaysforIBRD'
soperatingexpenses,goesintoreservestostrengthenthebalancesheet,andprovidesanannualtransferoffundstoIDA,thefundforthepoorestcountries.
2.3IFC’sWork
IFCisanintegralpartofawiderandgrowinginternationalefforttomovecountriesoutoffragilityandintostabilityandgrowth.theyprovidebusinessesandbankswiththefinancingtogrow.theyalsoworkwithgovernmentstoattractinvestmentforessentialinfrastructureandtoenhancetheircountries’investmentclimates.
Inthelastfiscalyear,IFCinvested$638millioninfragileandconflict-affectedstatesforitsownaccountandmobilizedanadditional$310millionforprojectsinavarietyofsectors,suchasagribusiness,telecommunications,financialservices,andpowergeneration.Theircommitmentsincluded$133milliontosupporttradefinance,helpingfragilestatesexpandtheirimportandexportmarketsforfood,rawmaterials,finishedgoods,andotheressentialitems.
IFCalsoadvisesfragilestatesonhowtoimprove,simplify,andstrengthenregulationstoattractinvestorsandenablebusinessestoexpand.Bycatalyzingthedevelopmentoftheprivatesector,IFChopestospuronthegrowththatcanliftthesecountriesoutoffragilityandintothenextphaseoftheirdevelopment.
2.4TheInternationalDevelopmentAssociation(IDA)
IDAisthepartoftheWorldBankthathelpstheworld’spoorestcountries.Establishedin1960.
2.4.1IDA’sfunctionsandcontributionstowardtheworld
IDAaimstoreducepovertybyprovidingloansandgrantsforprogramsthatboosteconomicgrowth,reduceinequalities,andimprovepeople’slivingconditions.Sinceitsinception,IDAhassupportedactivitiesin112countries.Annualcommitmentshaveaveragedabout$18billionoverthelastthreeyears,withabout50percentofthatgoingtoAfrica.ForthefiscalyearendingonJune30,2014,IDAcommitmentsreached$22.2billionspreadover242newoperations.12percentofthetotalwascommittedongrantterms.IDAcomplementstheWorldBank’soriginallendingarm—theInternationalBankforReconstructionandDevelopment(IBRD).itwasestablishedtofunctionasaself-sustainingbusinessandprovidesloansandadvicetomiddle-incomeandcredit-worthypoorcountries.IBRDandIDAsharethesamestaffandheadquartersandevaluateprojectswiththesamerigorousstandards.IDA-financedoperationsdeliverpositivechangefor2.8billionpeople,themajorityofwhomsurviveonlessthan$2aday.IDAlendsmoneyonconcessionalterms.ThismeansthatIDAchargeslittleornointerestandrepaymentsarestretchedover25to38years,includinga5-to10-yeargraceperiod.IDAalsoprovidesgrantstocountriesatriskofdebtdistress.
itplacesapremiumondevelopmentimpactandisregardedasatransparent,cost-effectiveplatformforachievingresults.Intheperiod2003–2013,forexample,IDAfinancingimmunizedmorethan597millionchildren;
providedaccesstohealthservicesfor117millionpeople.
窗体顶端
2.5MIGA
ItisamemberoftheWorldBankGroup.Theirmissionistopromoteforeigndirectinvestment(FDI)intodevelopingcountriestohelpsupporteconomicgrowth,reducepoverty,andimprovepeople'
slives.
2.5.1Servicesandfunctions
Theyfulfilltheirmissionbyprovidingpoliticalriskinsuranceguaranteestoprivatesectorinvestorsandlenders.MIGA’sguaranteesprotectinvestmentsagainst-non-commercialrisksandcanhelpinvestorsobtainaccesstofundingsourceswithimprovedfinancialtermsandconditions.TheiruniquestrengthisderivedfromtheirstandingasamemberoftheWorldBankGroupandourstructureasaninternationalorganizationwiththeirshareholdersincludingmostcountriesoftheworld.Sincetheirinceptionin1988,MIGAhasissuedmorethan$28billioninpoliticalriskinsuranceforprojectsinawidevarietyofsectors,coveringallregionsoftheworld.Theyalsoconductresearchandshareknowledgeaspartoftheirmandatetosupportforeigndirectinvestmentintoemergingmarkets.Thisunderscorestheirpositionasathoughtleaderandsourceofpertinentinformationforthepoliticalriskinsurancecommunity.
2.52StrongimpactonMiddleIncomeCountries
MIGAofferscomparativeadvantagesinalloftheseareas—fromtheiruniquepackageofproductsandabilitytorestorethebusinesscommunity'
sconfidence,totheirongoingcollaborationwiththepublicandprivateinsurancemarkettoincreasetheamountofinsuranceavailabletoinvestors.Asamultilateraldevelopmentagency,MIGAonlysupportsinvestmentsthataredevelopmentallysoundandmeethighsocialandenvironmentalstandards.MIGAappliesacomprehensivesetofsocialandenvironmentalperformancestandardstoallprojectsandoffersextensiveexpertiseinworkingwithinvestorstoensurecompliancetothesestandards.
2.6TheInternationalCentreforSettlementofInvestmentDisputes(ICSID)
Itprovidesinternationalfacilitiesforconciliationandarbitrationofinvestmentdisputes.OnJune1and2,2015,Paul-JeanLeCannu,ICSIDLegalCounsel,willofferintroductorycoursestoGeneralPrinciplesofForeignInvestmentandICSIDProcedureattheAfricanInstituteofInternationalLaw(AIIL)inArusha,Tanzania.ThecourseswillbegiveninFrench.TheAIILwasinauguratedinFebruary2015.Itsgoalistoofferspecializedandfocusedtrainingcoursesandresearchprogrammestoadvancedstudents,scholars,practitioners,governmentandprivatesectorofficialsonvariousaspectsofinternationallaw.
2.7TheWorldBank’scontributionstowardtheinternationalenvironment
AsofApril2015,theWorldBankGrouphasmobilizedUS$1.62billiontodateinfinancingforEbolaresponseandrecoveryeffortstosupportthecountrieshardesthitbyEbola.ThisincludesUS$1.17billionfromIDA,theWorldBankGroup’sfundforthepoorestcountriesandatleastUS$450millionfromIFC,toenabletrade,investmentandemploymentinGuinea,LiberiaandSierraLeone.
Wordbankprovidelow-interestloans,zerotolow-interestcredits,andgrantst
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