从合作原则看英语委婉语的使用文档格式.docx

从合作原则看英语委婉语的使用文档格式.docx

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1.3InitialingInitialingistheuseofaronmsinsteadofthEIrponentpartsasin"

JCfor“JesusChrist”,BMforboelmovement"

"

W.Cforaterloset,B.Oforbododor,V.Dforvenerealdisease,AIDSforaquiredimmunedefiiensndrome,SARSforsevereauterespiratorsndrome"

.

1.4BakformingBakformingisthesubstitutionforonepartofspeehforanother,asin"

burglehihisderivedfrom'

burglar'

"

1.5RedupliationRedupliationistherepetitionofasllableorletterofaord.Partiularlmoninhildren’sbathroomvoabular,itsubstitutes"

pee-peefor'

piss'

poo-poofor'

boelmovement'

1.6BlendordAblendordisaformofphonetidistortioninhihtoormoreordsaresqueezedtogetherbothorthographiallandphonetiall.Anexampleofthisis"

gezundaforahamberpot,atermderivedfromthefatthatthisobjet'

goesunderthebed'

1.7DiminutiveAdiminutiveistheformationofanetermbnikingorshorteninganameandaddingasuffixindiatingaffetionorsmallness."

Heinie,forexample,isthediminutiveof'

hindend'

andreferstothebuttoks"

2Semantiinnovation

1BorroingMostobviousl,euphemismsmabeformedbborroingordsfromotherlanguages—termsthatarelessfreightedithnegativeassoiations.Thus,euseGreekandLatinexpressionsformanbodilpartsandfuntions.WehaveoinedhalitosisfromtheLatinfor“breath”andehavesubstitutedmituritionforthemorevulgarIndo-European“Piss”.Inaddition,EnglisheuphemismsalsoborroedalotofsientifiorXXdemiterms,hiharebelievedtobemoreeuphemistiandobjetivethantheusualterms,suhasmagnetifor“sex”andperspirefor“seat”andsoon.

2WideningEuphemismsmabemadebasemantiproessalledidening.Whenaspeifitermbeestoopainfulorvivid,emoveupintheladderofabstration.Inthisa,anerbeesgrothandagirdlebeesafoundation.Sometimes,inadditiontoideningedividethenegativeonnotationsofasingledirettermbeteentoormoreords.Insteadofsaing“sphilis”openl,espeakofasoialdisease.

3SemantishiftAlliedtothephenomenonofideningisthatofsemantishift.Thisisthesubstitutionofthehole,orasimilargeneralit,forthespeifipartedonothoosetodisuss.Wemareatesuhmetonmiesasrearendfor“buttoks”.Sometimes,asintheexpressions"

tosleepithgotobedithsomeone"

euseordsnamingthelargereventinplaeofmorepreisereferenestothesexualrelationsthatarepartoftheproess.

3Rhetorialdevies

3.1MetaphorEuphemismsmabemadebaproessalledmetaphorialtransfer,theparisonofthingsofonekindtothingsofanother.Theeuphemismshosenareoftenromantiizing,poetiizingandsofteningoftheoriginalordslike"

gotosleep;

gotohislonghome;

behomeandfree;

restinpeae;

beatrest;

gotoHeavenParadise;

joinone'

sanestors;

begatheredtoone'

sfathers;

jointheimmoralsfordie"

shokforrandombombing,onstrutivedestrutionforseveredamage,havearoadtotravelforhavealongtimetoreahanagreementandet..

3.2AposiopesisInEnglish,thereisakindofrhetorialledaposiopesisthatanalsoatastheaofeuphemizing.Whenethinkeshouldnotsasomethingunderertainonditions,esuddenlstopashenesasomeoneisoutofPolnesianorigindenotesanthinglinguistiandnonlinguisti,hihisprohibitedorforbidden.Tabooreferstothesituationinhihaordornameanbeusedinamunitonlunderspeialonditions,hetheronlbertainpersonsoronlinertainirumstanes.Justasviolatingaulturaltabooanbequiteoffensive,soisitithaverbaltabooinpressonferenes.The“ord”hasbeenandontinuestobeinmostsoietiespereivedasapoerfulinstrumentthatmaevokeevilspirits,makebadthingshappenandinstigatetovioleneandrevolutionandnumerousotherativities.Whiletabooofordsourshenapartiulartopiisonsideredvalidfordisussion,euphemistiexpressionortermsarerequired.Sodiplomatieuphemismshaveaverseriousreasonforbeing.Theanonealthethingspeoplefearmost—death,thedeadorthesupernatural.Euphemismsanalsoeliminateunhappiness,embarrassmentandfearet.soastorelievepeoplepshologiall.

3.2PolitenessPolitenessisanotherverimportantfuntionthateuphemismsserveinsoiallife."

Someoftheeuphemismsareusedtoavoidrudenessandindeenforthesakeofapoliteonversation."

GrieformulatedCooperativePrinipleofutteraneinhihtheMaximofMannerasdefinedas“Beperspiuousandspeifi;

Toavoidobsurit;

Toavoidambiguit;

Tobebriefandtobeorderl.”TheroundaboutnatureofeuphemismsgoesagainsttheMaximofManner,hihanonlbefairlexplainedellbLeeh’sPolitenessPriniple“ApprobationMaxim:

minimizedispraiseofother,maximizepraiseofother”.Inotherords,euphemismsaretominimizeimpoliteexpressionsandmaximizepoliteexpressions.

3.3DisguiseBesidesthetofuntionsofeuphemismsmentionedabove,thereisstillanotheronemoreimportantfuntionatorkineuphemistimuniation,namel,theDisguiseFuntion.Hereemeanthatbeauseofthevaguenessofeuphemisms,ithasbeeaverimportanttoolforpolitialleadersorthediplomatsorstatesmentodistortthefatsorandpresentafalsepitureofpeaeandprosperitandtobeautifhatevertheauthorithavedone.Forexample,intheIraqWar,theuse“OperationIraqiFreedom”forbeautifingtheirmilitarinvasion,“possiblemovement”referstomilitarattak,“airoperation”or“airstrikes”forairattak,“enterthear”toshotheirrelutanetofightthearet.andemafindmansuhkindoftheseeuphemismsinpressonferenes.Themostimportantandultimatefuntionorpurposeoftheuseofdiplomatieuphemismsinpressonferenesistodisguiseorbeautiftheirinvasiveesseneorotherevilationsortheseparationofordsfromtruth.InAmerianandBritishsoietiesnoadas,diplomatieuphemismsarealaspurposeldevisedtodisguisesandalsinarsandpolitis,deliberatelinventedtobeautifloloupationsandexessivelinflatedtopromotesalesinadvertisement.

4.TheCooperativePrinipleBeforegoingon,elookattoexamples,asfollos:

A:

Canoutellmethetime?

B:

Well,themailhasalreade.A:

AreougoingtoJohn’sbirthdapart?

I’veheardMarisgoing."

Itseemstherearesomemistakeintheonversations.Butinfat,itisorret.TheCooperativePrinipleillhelpusunderstandmore.TheCooperativePrinipleisasfollos:

Makeouronversationalontributionsuhasisrequired,atthestageathihitours,btheaeptedpurposeordiretionofthetalkexhangeinhihouareengaged."

AordingGrie,Cooperativeprinipleislassifiedintofourategories:

quantit,qualit,relationandmanner.Theategorofquantitrelatestothequantitofinformationtobeprovided,andunderitfallthefolloingmaxims：

4.1ThemaximofQualit:

"

Trtomakeourontributiononethatistrue,.speifiall:

donotsahatoubelievetobefalse.donotsathatforhihoulakadequateevidene"

4.2ThemaximofQuantit:

MakeourontributionasinformativeasisrequiredfortheurrentpurposesoftheexhangeDonotmakeourontributionmoreinformativethanisrequired"

4.3ThemaximofRelation:

Makeourontributionrelevant."

4.4ThemaximofManner:

Beperspiuousandspeifiall:

avoidobsuritofexpression.avoidambiguit.bebriefbeorderl."

Fromhatmentionedabove,emaknothattheCooperativePrinipleenablesonepartiipantinaonversationtomuniateontheassumptionthattheotherpartiipantisbEingooperative.Thesefourmaximsformaneessarpartofthedesriptionoflinguistimeaninginthattheexplainhoitisthatthespeakersoften“meanmorethanthesa”inthEIrmuniations."

Wemadeidetoithholdhateverinformationepossess:

’Noment!

’Wemainadvertentlinfringeamaximoreanseretlviolateamaxim—e.g.AouldmaliiouslandfalseltellBthatJanethadalkedintheoppositediretionfromthepostoffie.Or–moreimportantl–eanmakeablatantshoofbreakingoneofthemaxims"

Atthetimeofreording,allthemembersoftheasteremembersofTheBBCPlaers.Q:

BritainandFranebothputtroopsonstandbalert…forpossiblemovementintoKosovo.While…hastheU.S.putanunitsonstand-bforapossiblemovementtoKosovo?

A:

Invieofthefatthat…ourforesremainattheirurrentstateofreadiness.There…inreasethatstateofalertnessatthispoint.Obviousl…onshortstand-b…airoperations,ould….IntheaboveQ-Apatternsofthetransripts,eanseediplomatieuphemismslike“possiblemovement”,“attheirurrentstateofreadiness”and“airoperation”et.areusedinpressonferenesthatviolatetheQualitMaxim.Fromthespeifiontexteknothathere“possiblemovement”mainl