14年六月英语 六级真题冲刺Word格式文档下载.docx
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14年六月英语 六级真题冲刺Word格式文档下载.docx
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It’s40tothinkofclonesasperfectcarboncopiesoftheoriginal.Itturnsout,though,thattherearevariousdegreesofgenetic41.Thatmaycomeasashocktopeoplewhohavepaidthousandsofdollarstocloneapetcatonlytodiscoverthatthebabycatlooksandbehaves42liketheirbelovedpet—withadifferent-colorcoatoffur,perhaps,ora43differentattitudetowarditshumanhosts.
Andthesearejusttheobviousdifferences.Notonlyareclones44fromtheoriginaltemplate(模板)bytime,buttheyarealsotheproductofanunnaturalmolecularmechanismthatturnsoutnottobeverygoodatmaking45copies.Infact,theprocesscanembedsmallflawsinthegenesofclonesthatscientistsareonlynowdiscovering.
A)abstract
B)completely
C)deserted
D)duplication
E)everything
F)identical
G)increasingly
H)miniature
I)nothing
J)ordinary
K)overturning
L)separated
M)surrounding
N)systematically
O)tempting
SectionB
ShouldSingle-SexEducationBeEliminated?
[A]Whyisaneuroscientistheredebatingsingle-sexschooling?
Honestly,IhadnofixedideasonthetopicwhenIstartedresearchingitformybook,PinkBrain,BlueBrain.Butanydiscussionofgenderdifferencesinchildreninevitablyleadstothisdebate,soIfeltcompelledtodiveintotheresearchdataonsingle-sexschooling.IreadeverystudyIcould,weighedtheexistingevidence,andultimatelyconcludedthatsingle-¬
sexeducationisnottheanswertogendergapsinachievement—orthebestwayforwardfortoday’syoungpeople.Aftermybookwaspublished,Imetseveraldevelopmentalandcognitivepsychologistswhoseworkwasaddressinggenderandeducationfromdifferentangles,andwepublishedapeer-reviewedEducationForumpieceinSciencemagazinewiththeprovocativetitle,“ThePseudoscienceofSingle-SexEducation.”
[B]Weshowedthatthreelinesofresearchusedtojustifysingle-sexschooling—educational,neuroscience,andsocialpsychology—allfailtosupportitsallegedbenefits,andsothewidely-heldviewthatgenderseparationissomehowbetterforboys,girls,orbothisnothingmorethanamyth.
TheResearchonAcademicOutcomes
[C]First,wereviewedtheextensiveeducationalresearchthathascomparedacademicoutcomesinstudentsattendingsingle-sexversuscoeducationalschools.Theoverwhelmingconclusionwhenyouputthisenormousliteraturetogetheristhatthereisnoclearacademicadvantageofsittinginall-femaleorall-maleclasses,inspiteofmuchpopularbelieftothecontrary.Ibasethisconclusionnotonanyindividualstudy,butonlarge-scaleandsystematicreviewsofthousandsofstudiesconductedineverymajorEnglish-speakingcountry.
[D]Ofcourse,there’remanyexcellentsingle-sexschoolsoutthere,butasthesecarefulresearchreviewshavedemonstrated,it’snottheirsingle-sexcompositionthatmakesthemexcellent.It’salltheotheradvantagesthataretypicallypackedintosuchschools,suchasfinancialresources,qualityofthefaculty,andpro-¬
academicculture,alongwiththefamilybackgroundandpre-selectedabilityofthestudentsthemselvesthatdeterminetheiroutcomes.
[E]AcaseinpointisthestudybyLindaSaxatUCLA,whouseddatafromalargenationalsurveyofcollegefreshmentoevaluatetheeffectofsingle-sexversuscoeducationalhighschools.CommissionedbytheNationalCoalitionofGirls’Schools,therawfindingslookprettygoodforthefunders—higherSATscoresandastrongeracademicorientationamongwomenwhohadattendedallgirls'
highschools(menweren’tstudied).However,oncetheresearcherscontrolledforbothstudentandschoolattributes—measuressuchasfamilyincome,parents’education,andschoolresources—mostoftheseeffectswereerasedordiminished.
[F]Whenitcomestoboysinparticular,thedatashowthatsingle-sexeducationisdistinctlyunhelpfulforthem.Amongtheminorityofstudiesthathavereportedadvantagesofsingle-sexschooling,virtuallyallofthemwerestudiesofgirls.There’renorigorousstudiesintheUnitedStatesthatfindsingle-sexschoolingisbetterforboys,andinfact,aseparatelineofresearchbyeconomistshasshownbothboysandgirlsexhibitgreatercognitivegrowthovertheschoolyearbasedonthe“dose”ofgirlsinaclassroom.Infact,boysbenefitevenmorethangirlsfromhavinglargernumbersoffemaleclassmates.Sosingle-sexschoolingisreallynottheanswertothecurrent“boycrisis”ineducation.
BrainandCognitiveDevelopment
[G]Thesecondlineofresearchoftenusedtojustifysingle-sexeducationfallssquarelywithinmyareaofexpertise:
brainandcognitivedevelopment.It'
sbeenmorethanadecadenowsincethe“brainsexmovement”beganinfiltrating(渗入)ourschools,andthereareliterallyhundredsofschoolscaughtupinthefad(新潮).PublicschoolsinWisconsin,Indiana,Floridaandmanyotherstatesnowproudlydeclareontheirwebsitesthattheyseparateboysandgirlsbecause“researchsolidlyindicatesthatboysandgirlslearndifferently,”dueto“hard-wired”differencesintheirbrains,eyes,ears,autonomicnervoussystems,andmore.
[H]Allofthesestatementscanbetracedtojustafewwould-beneuroscientists,especiallyphysicianLeonardSaxandtherapistMichaelGurian.Eachgiveslectures,runsconferences,anddoesalotofprofessionaldevelopmentonso-called“gender-specificlearning.”Ianalyzedtheirvariousclaimsaboutsexdifferencesinhearing,vision,language,math,stressresponses,and“learningstyles”inmybookandalongpeer-reviewedpaper.Otherneuroscientistsandpsychologistshavesimilarlyexposedtheirwork.Inshort,themechanismsbywhichourbrainslearnlanguage,math,physics,andeveryothersubjectdon’tdifferbetweenboysandgirls.Ofcourse,learningdoesvaryalotbetweenindividualstudents,butresearchreliablyshowsthatthisvarianceisfargreaterwithinpopulationsofboysorgirlsthanbetweenthetwosexes.
[I]TheequalprotectionclauseoftheU.S.Constitutionprohibitsseparationofstudentsbysexinpubliceducationthat’sbasedonpreciselythiskindof“overbroadgeneralizationsaboutthedifferenttalents,capacities,orpreferencesofmalesandfemales.”Andthereasonitisprohibitedisbecauseitleadsfartooeasilytostereotypingandsexdiscrimination.
SocialDevelopmentalPsychology
[J]Thatbringsmetothethirdareaofresearchwhichfailstosupportsingle-sexschoolingandindeedsuggeststhepracticeisactuallyharmful:
social-developmentalpsychology.
[K]It’sawell-provenfindinginsocialpsychologythatsegregationpromotesstereotypingandprejudice,whereasintergroupcontactreducesthem—andtheresultsarethesamewhetheryoudividegroupsbyrace,age,gender,bodymassindex,sexualorientation,oranyothercategory.What’smore,childrenareespeciallyvulnerabletothiskindofbias,becausetheyaredependentonadultsforlearningwhichsocialcategoriesareimportantandwhywedividepeopleintodifferentgroups.
[L]Youdon’thavetolookfartofindevidenceofstereotypingandsexdiscriminationinsingle-sexschools.Therewasthefailedsingle-sexexperimentinCalifornia,wheresixschooldistrictsusedgenerousstategrantstosetupseparateboys'
andgirls'
academiesinthelate1990s.Onceboysandgirlsweresegregated,teachersresortedtotraditionalgenderstereotypestoruntheirclasses,andwithinjustthreeyears,fiveofthesixdistrictshadgonebacktocoeducation.
[M]Atthesametime,researchersareincreasinglydiscoveringbenefitsofgenderinteractioninyouth.AlargeBritishstudyfoundthatchildrenwithother-sexoldersiblings(兄弟姐妹)exhibitlessstereotypicalplaythanchildrenwithsame-sexoldersiblings,suchasgirlswholikesportsandbuildingtoysandboyswholikeartanddramaticplay.Anotherstudyofhighschoolsocialnetworksfoundlessbullyingandaggressionthehigherthedensityofmixed-sexfriendshipswithinagivenadolescentnetwork.ThenthereisthefindingwecitedinourSciencepaperofhigherdivorceanddepressionratesamongalargegroupofBritishmenwhoattendedsingle-sexschoolsasteenagers,whichmightbeexplainedbythelackofopportunitytolearnaboutrelationshipsduringtheirformativeyears.
[N]Whetherinnurseryschool,highschool,orthebusinessworld,gendersegregationnarrowsourperceptionsofeachother,facilitatingstereotypingandsexistattitudes.It’sverysimple:
themorewestructurechildrenandadolescents’environmentaroundgenderdistinctionsandseparation,themoretheywillusethesecategoriesastheprimarybasisforunderstandingthemselvesandothers.
[O]Genderisanimportantissueineducation.Therearegapsinreading,writing,andscienceachievementthatshouldbenarrower.Therearegapsincareerchoicethatshouldbenarrower—ifwereallywanttomaximizehumanpotentialandAmericaneconomicgrowth.Butstereotypingboysandgirlsandseparatingtheminthenameoffictitious(虚构的)braindifferencesisnevergoingtoclosethesegaps.
46.Hundredsofschoolsseparateboys
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