reading文档格式.docx
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reading文档格式.docx
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ssyAvenue,tensofthousandsofprotestorsdemandeditswithdrawal.
Brushingoffthedemonstrations,PresidentPalSchmitthailedHungary’snew"
basiclaw"
asabravenewdawn.Itmaywellbe,butprobablynotthekindthatHungary’srulersarehopingfor.AstheblogContrarianHungarianreports,protestorsareincreasinglytakingcontrolofthestreets.TheAndrá
ssyAvenuemarchwasjustthelatestinaseriesofpublicactionsagainstthegovernment'
sgrowingautocratictendenciesanditsrelentlesscentralisationofpower.
Monday’sprotestsweresignificantaswellassymbolic.Thiswasthefirsttimethatoppositionparties—theSocialists,theDemocraticCoalitionandthegreen-liberalLMP—hadjoinedforceswithstreetactivists.PeterKonya,leaderoftheHungarianSolidarityMovement,welcomedwhathecalled“thelongabsentco-operationbetweencivilgroupsandpartiesofthedemocraticopposition”.
GaborIvanyi,aMethodistpastor,toldthecrowdthat“Thereisnotruthwherelawsarepassedforcefully,withoutconsultations,wherepeopleliveinfearandwherepeoplearenotequal.”MrIvanyiisoneof13formerdissidentsandliberalpoliticianstohavesignedalettercallingfortheEuropeanUniontointerveneandprotectHungariandemocracy.
GovernmentofficialsdenythatHungariandemocracyisindanger.How,theyask,canthisbesowhenanenormouscrowdisfreetodemonstrateoutsidetheverybuildingwheretheyarecelebrating?
In2010theright-wingFideszpartywonatwo-thirdsparliamentarymajorityinafreeandfairelection,theyargue,andthegovernmentissimplyfulfillingitsmandateofradicalchangeandrenewal.
ButasthegovernmentbrushesoffrequestsfromtheEU,theIMF,theEuropeanCentralBankandtheUnitedStatestoreconsiderkeylegislationthatmaybeinbreachofitsinternationaltreatyobligations,suchargumentssoundincreasinglyunconvincing.
TenyearsofChinaintheWTO
CHINA’SeffortstojointheWorldTradeOrganisation(WTO)draggedonfor15years,longenoughto“turnblackhairwhite”,asZhuRongji,China’sformerprimeminister,putit.(HisownhairremainedPolitburo-blackthroughout.)Evenaftermembershipwasgranted,tenyearsagothisweek,MrZhuexpectedmany“headaches”,includingthelossofcustomsdutiesandthedistressoffarmersexposedtoforeigncompetition.
YetthebetpaidoffforChina.Ithasblossomedintotheworld’sgreatestexporterandsecond-biggestimporter.Themarriageofforeignknow-how,Chineselabourandtheopen,globalmarkethassucceededbeyondanyone’spredictions.
ItisinsteadChina’stradingpartnerswhonowcontemplateitsWTOmembershipwithfurrowedbrows(seearticle).Theyhaveavarietyofcomplaints:
thatChinaexportstoomuch,swampingtheirmarketswithcheapmanufacturedgoods,subsidisedbyanundervaluedcurrency;
thatithoardsessentialinputs,suchasrareearths,foritsownfirms;
andthatitstillskewsitsownmarketagainstforeigncompanies,insomecasesbybeingslowtoimplementWTOrules(notablyonpiracy),inothersbysuddenlyimposingunwrittenrulesthatareunfavourableorunknowabletoforeigners.Themeddlingstateletsmultinationalsin,onlytosqueezethemdryoftheirvaluabletechnologiesandthenpushthemout.
Muchofthiscriticismisright.ChinamadeheroicreformsintheyearsarounditsWTOentry.Thatraisedexpectationsthatithasconspicuouslyfailedtomeet.Itsignedupformultilateralrules,butneglectedtheruleoflawathome.Freetradedidnotbringwiderfreedoms,andeventhetradewasnotexactlyfree.ItisinChina’sinteresttoliberaliseitsexchangeratefurther,topreventlocalofficialsfromdiscriminatingagainstforeignersandabovealltodofarmoretosupporttheglobaltradingsystem.TheWTOisunderminedwhenanymemberfloutstherules,nevermindoneasbigasChina.
Toobigtobeabystander—ortobekeptout
ButChina’ssinsshouldbeputintoperspective.IntermsofglobaltradeconsumerseverywherehavegainedfromcheapChinesegoods.Chinesegrowthhascreatedahugemarketforothercountries’exports.AndChina’sremainingbarriersareoftenexaggerated.ItismoreopentoimportsthanJapanwasatthesamestageofdevelopment,moreopentoforeigndirectinvestmentthanSouthKoreawasuntilthe1990s.Itstariffsarecappedat10%onaverage;
Brazil’satover30%.AndinChina,unlikeIndia,youcanshopatWalmart,mostofthetime.
AsforthehurdlesforeignfirmsfaceinChina,theyaredisgraceful—butsadlynoworsethaninotherdevelopingcountries.ThegrumblesarelouderinChinachieflybecausethestakesarehigher.ForeignersmayhavewonasmallersliceofChina’smarketthantheyhadhoped,butChinaisabiggerpiethananyonedaredtoexpect.HadChinabeenkeptoutoftheWTO,therewouldhavebeenlessgrowthforeverybody.AndtheWTOstillprovidesthebestmeanstodisciplineandcajole.Ratherthandeliveringcongressionalultimatums,AmericaandotherscouldmakemoreuseoftheWTO’srulestocurbChina’sworstinfractions.
SocelebrateChina’stenyearsintheWTO:
weareallricherbecauseofit.But,whenitcomestotrade,China’srulersnowbadlyneedtogrowup.Theircheatingisharmingtheirownconsumersandstokingupprotectionismabroad.Thatcouldprovetobeeconomicself-harmonanepicscale.
Nunsandcontraception
THECatholicchurchcondemnsallformsofcontraception,apolicythatPaulVIlaidoutindetailinHumanaeVitaein1968.Overthesubsequentdecadesithashadvariousbrawlswithsecularauthoritiesovertheuseofbirthcontrolpills.Mostrecently,America’sbishopshavefoughttokeepBarackObama’shealthlawfromprovidingcontraceptionfree.Thechurchhasalreadywonanexemptionforwomenwhoworkforachurch,butitalsowantstokeepcoveragefromwomenwhoworkforanyCatholicinstitution,evenifthewomeninquestionarenotCatholicsandtheinstitutionhasasecularpurpose,suchasaschool,say,orhospital.Givenallthis,itwouldseemunlikelythatthechurchwouldwanttogivethePilltoitsnuns.
YetthatispreciselywhatarecentpaperintheLancetsuggests.Itsauthors,KaraBrittandRogerShort,ofMonashUniversityandtheUniversityofMelbourne,urgetheChurchtoprovideoralcontraceptiontothesisters.NunsneedthePillnottopreventpregnancy,buttopreventcancer.
In1713,theauthorswrite,anItaliandoctorobservedthatnunshadaveryhighrateofthat“accursedpest”,breastcancer.ModernstudieshaveconfirmedthatCatholichaveahigherriskthanmostwomenofdyingfrombreast,ovariananduterinecancers.Womenwhobearchildrenhavefewermenstrualcycles,thankstobothpregnancyandlactation(whichsuppressesmenstruation).Otherstudieshaveestablishedarelationshipbetweenmenstrualcyclesandtheprevalenceofcancer,withfewercyclesmeaningasmallerrisk.Nuns-whoarerequiredtobecelibate-experiencemorecyclesthanthetypicalwoman,andthereforerunahigherriskofdevelopingcancer.
ThePillcanhelptocounteractthis.Theoverallmortalityinwomenwhouse,orhaveused,oralcontraception,is12%lowerthanamongthosewhodonot.Theeffectonovarianandendometrialcancerisgreater:
theriskofsuchcancersplummetsbyabout50%.DrsBrittandShortmakeacompellingmedicalcase.ButitisunlikelytoswaytheChurch
Cryingfreedom
CROSSINGanAthensstreetbyfootonawarmspringafternoonin1985,Icheckedataxiwaitingatthelighttomakesureitwasnotgoingtojumpthered.
InthebackseatIspiedtheunmistakeablefigureofChristopherHitchens,largerthanwhenI’dlastseenhim,largerthananyoneintheirmid-30soughttobe,madelargerstillbyanunnecessaryovercoatthrownovertheshouldersinthemannerofaballetimpresariofromanearliertime.Hesawme,calledmyname,threwopenthedoorandsteppedintothestreet.Thelightwasnowgreenandtrafficwashooting.Heedlessasevertocontextbutwhollyinrole,heletgoanuncountedshowerofdrachmanotesintothegratefuldriver’shandandgreetedmetheatricallywithakissonbothcheeks.Likeme,hewas
inAthenstowriteabouttheGreekelections.Thepreviousday,AndreasPapandreou—thefatheroftherecentlyreplacedprimeminister—hadhandilywonasecondparliamentarytermasleaderofhiscountry’sSocialDemocrats.Thoughnotlikeme,becauseChristopherwasnotlikeotherjournalists.“Ididn’tseeyouatthePresscentrelastnight,”Isaid.“No,”hereplied,“IwasatthePapandreous.”
Howthenexthoursunfolded,Idon’trecall.Idovividlyrememberthataroundtwointhemorning,Christopherwasentertainingasmallgroupofusatarestaurant—quoting,parrying,recounting,provoking.Hisspeedofmemorywasdaunting.Healwaysseemedabletocitewhatanopponentinargumenthadsaidorwrittenyearsearlier,deployingitquicklyandwittilyatthesurestmomenttoexposethemasfools,ditherersorhypocrites.Thatessentially18th-centuryskillmadehimaslethalontelevisionashewasonthepage.Hewrotethewayhespoke,inboutadesandinparagraphs,oftenwithablood-levelofalcoholthatwouldleavemostofusspeechless.Hewascatholicinhisloveandknowledgeofthewrittenword,butonthewholestayedoffmovies,theatre,visualartsandmusic.HadheatraceofPuritansuspicionthatsuchartswereelite,effeteandnotmorallyserious?
Isuspectitwasmorethateachofthoseartshasitsstandardsofperformanceand
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