修辞Word文档下载推荐.docx

修辞Word文档下载推荐.docx

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Analogy:

（类比）

•Itisalsoaformofcomparison,butunlikesimileormetaphorwhichusuallyusescomparisonononepointofresemblance,analogydrawsaparallelbetweentwounlikethingsthathaveseveralcommonqualitiesorpointsofresemblance.Thepatternis:

aistobascistod借助一些共同的相似之点来做平行的比较，比明喻和暗喻着眼点更广阔。

•e.gShoeistofootastireistowheel

Followersaretoaleaderasplanetsaretoasun

Shellsweretoancientculturesasdollarbillsaretomodernculture

Personification:

（拟人）

•Itgiveshumanformoffeelingstoanimals,orlifeandpersonalattributes（赋予）toinanimate（无生命的）objects,ortoideasandabstractions（抽象）.把事、物、观念等拟作人，赋予它们以人的思想。

感情与行为方式。

•e.gThewindwhistledthroughthetrees.

•Moneytalks;

moneyprints;

moneybroadcasts;

moneyreigns.

Hyperbole:

（夸张）

•Itisthedeliberateuseofoverstatementorexaggerationtoachieveemphasis.在真实的基础上有意言过其实以更好地反映事物的本质。

•e.gHealmostdiedlaughing.

•Hamlet:

IloveOphelia:

fortythousandbrotherscouldnot,withalltheirquantityoflove,makeupmysum.

•Hiseloquencewouldsplitrocks.

•Mylegsweighthreetons.

Understatement:

低调陈述/含蓄陈述

•Itistheoppositeofhyperbole,oroverstatement.Itachievesitseffectofemphasizingafactbydeliberately（故意地）understatingitorminimizingtheimportance,impressingthelistenerorthereadermorebywhatismerelyimpliedorleftunsaidthanbybarestatement.轻描淡写地陈述一种想法。

•YouknowIwouldbealittledisappointedifyouweretobehitbyadrunkdriverattwoa.m.,soIhopeyouwillbehomeearly.

•Thefacewasn’tabadone:

ithadwhattheycalledcharm.（正话反说，反映说话者的矜持）

•Themanisnofool.这个人决不是个傻瓜

•Yes,Iknowalittleaboutrocks.（Arockexpertsays）

Euphemism:

（委婉）

•Itisthesubstitutionofanagreeableorinoffensive（无冒犯）expressionforonethatmayoffendorsuggestsomethingunpleasant.用比较温和的词代替粗鲁的词或使人不愉快的词，用通行的词代替禁忌的词。

•e.gCharlesShively,94,passedawayathomeandwenttobewiththeLordonApril22,2004,fromnaturalcauses.

•Hewenttosleeppeacefully—butforever.

•（becalledtoGod;

benomore;

gotohislonghome;

begonetoabetterland）

•Funeral→memorialservicegraveyard→memorygarden.

Metonymy（转喻/借代）

•Itisafigureofspeechthathastodowiththesubstitutionofthemeaningofonethingforthatofanother.用一个单词代替另外一个在概念上有关联的单词

•e.gThepen（words）ismightierthanthesword（forces/war）.

•Bewareofbottle.（谨防喝醉酒）

•Theredeyeswalkedintotheclassroom.

•Hehasagoodearformusic.他善于欣赏音乐。

•Hehasasharptongue.他言语尖刻。

Synecdoche（提喻）

•Synechdocheissomekindofgeneralizationorspecificationthatinvolvesthesubstitutionofthepartforthewhole,orthewholeforthepart.用局部代替整体，单个代替类别，具体代替抽象；

或反过来。

•Theysaythere’sbreadandworkforall.

•Turningourlongboatround[…]onthelastmorningrequiredallhandsondeck 

…（hands=people）

•Troopshaltthedrivers（troops=soldiers）

•Sheworegoldaroundherneck.（gold=chain）

Pun:

（双关语）

•Itisaplayonwords,orratheraplayontheformandmeaningofwords.一个词在上下文中有双重或更多的含义。

英语中常用同形异义词（拼写相同但意义不同）或同音异义词（发音相同或相似，拼写与意义不同）来造成双关的效果。

•e.gAcannon-balltookoffhislegs,sohelaiddownhisarms.（Here“arms”hastwomeanings:

aperson’sbody;

weaponscarriedbyasoldier.）

•e.gAskformetomorrowandyoushallfindmeagraveman.（graveman，即是严肃的人，又是坟墓中的死人。

）

Zeugma:

（轭式搭配/拈连）

•Itisasinglewordwhichismadetomodifyortogoverntwoormorewordsinthesamesentence,witherproperlyapplyinginsensetoonlyoneofthem,orapplyingtothemindifferentsenses.用一个形容词修饰两个名词，其中一个修饰是通顺的、规范的，另外一个修饰则是勉强的、不规范的。

•Withweepingeyesandgrievinghearts--Withweepingeyesandhearts　　

•e.gThesunshallnotburnyoubyday,northemoonbynight.（Heremoonisnotstrongenoughtoburn）

•Shewasdressedinamaid’scapandabrightsmile.

•Itisbettertohaveapatchedjacketthantohaveapatchedcharacter.

•Prideoppresseshumility;

hatredlove;

crueltycompassion

Irony:

（反语/讽刺）

•Itisafigureofspeechthatachievesemphasisbysayingtheoppositeofwhatismeant,theintendedmeaningofthewordsbeingtheoppositeoftheirusualsense.即通常所谓的说反话，反意正说，正意反说。

常用于讽刺或嘲弄的场合.e.g

•Wearelucky.（whensomethingbadhappens）

•Whatyousaidmakesmefeelreallygood.（whensomeonesayssthunplesant）

•Thisdiligentstudentseldomreadsmorethananhourperweek.

Sarcasm:

（讽刺）

•Itisastrongformofirony.Itattacksinabittermanner,anditsaimistoridiculeandwoundthefeelingsofthesubjectattacked.

•e.gLawsarelikecobwebs（蜘蛛网）,whichmaycatchsmallflies,butletwasps（黄蜂）breakthrough.

Paradox:

（似非而是的隽语）

•Itisafigureofspeechconsistingofastatementorpropositionwhichonthefaceofitseemsself-contradictory,absurdorcontrarytoestablishedfactorpractice,butwhichonfurtherthinkingandstudymayprovetobetrue,well-founded,andeventocontainasuccinctpoint.

•e.gMorehaste,lessspeed. 

•Whatapitythatyouthmustbewastedontheyoung.

Oxymoron:

（矛盾修饰）

•Itisacompressedparadox,formedbytheconjoining（结合）oftwocontrasting,contradictoryorincongruous（不协调）terms一种把互相矛盾或不调和的词合在一起的修辞手法，

•e.gadeafeningsilence震耳欲聋的沉默;

amournfuloptimist悲伤的乐观.bitter-sweetmemories;

orderlychaos（混乱）;

proudhumility（侮辱）.

Climax:

（渐进/层进）

•ItisderivedfromtheGreekwordfor“ladder”andimpliestheprogressionofthoughtatauniformoralmostuniformrateofsignificanceorintensity,likethestepsofaladderascendingevenly.一层层地推进与加强最终达到高潮或顶点。

e.gIcame,Isaw,Iconquered.

•Somebooksaretobetasted,otherstobeswallowed,andsomefewtobechewedanddigested.

•Theaudiencesmiled,chuckled（窃笑）,andfinallyhowled（捧腹大笑）.

•Wearelow,wearevery,verylow,aslowaslowcanbe.

Anti-climaxorbathos:

（突降）

•ItistheoppositeofClimax.Itinvolvesstatingone’sthoughtsinadescendingorderofsignificanceorintensity,fromstrongtoweak,fromweightytolightorfrivolous.采用突然下降的手法使句意从严肃、深刻、重要等等的概念中急转到滑稽、平庸、琐细等的概念上，从而造成一种语义上的大的反差而获得一种鲜明、幽默的交际效果。

•WhatshallIdo?

Ihavelostmyloverandlipsticktoo.

•AnearlymorningwalkinthefoothilloftheHimalayasliftshisspiritabovematerialconcernsandinspiresinhimnoblethoughts.Italsomakeshimhungry.

TransferredEpithet:

（移就/转类形容词）

•Itisafigureofspeechwhereanepithet（anadjectiveordescriptivephrase）istransferredfromthenounitshouldrightlymodify（修饰）toanothertowhichitdoesnotreallyapplyorbelong.

•e.gIspentsleeplessnightsonmyproject.Forgetfulsnow

•Heclosedhisbusylifeattheageof80.

•DoyouthinkIwillhavebloodmoney?

•TheAmericansocietysawagnawing虫咬般痛苦的povertyduringtheGreatDepression.

•TheytalkedtotheforeignersinhesitantEnglish（结结巴巴的英语）.

•Hecrasheddownaprotestingchair.

•Thethiefmadeatremblingconfessionofhiswrongdoings.

Parody（仿拟）

•模仿别的固定表达方式而新创的语言表达方式

•Youaregin-drunk;

Iamcreed-drunk.你是酒醉，我是信条迷醉。

•Ihadnooutlook,butanuplookrather.Myplaceinsocietywasatthebottom.我没有人生观，但我有“上爬观”，我的地位在社会的最低层。

•Afriendinneedisafriendtobeavoided.

•走别人的路，让別人无路可走。

chiasmus（回文/交错法）

•Agrammaticalfigurebywhichtheorderofwordsinoneoftwoofparallelclausesisinvertedintheother.Oneofthemostfascinatingfeaturesofchiasmusisthis“markingwithanX”

•e.g.Pleasure’sasin,andsometimessin’sapleasure

•1）It’snotthemeninmylife

•it’sthelifeinmymen.

•2）Homeiswherethegreataresmall

•andthesmallaregreat

•3）Oneshouldeattolive

•notlivetoeat

Alliteration:

（头韵）

•Ithastodowiththesoundratherthanthesenseofwordsforeffect.Itisadevicethatrepeatsthesameinitialconsonantsoundatfrequentintervals（间隔）.在词的开头重复相同的元音或辅音

•e.g.PeterPiperpickedapeckofpickledpeppers.

•thewildwindsofwinter;

•thewhitefoamflew;

•thefurrowfollowedfree.

Onomatopoeia:

（拟声）

•Itisadevicethatuseswordswhichimitatethesoundsmadebyanobject（animateorinanimate）,orwhichareassociatedwithorsuggestive（提示的）ofsomeactionormovement. 

以相似的语音描摹非语言的声音。

•Iheartheclockticktacking,andtimegoesby.

•Noonetalksinthesefactories.Everyoneistoobusy.Theonlysoundsarethesnip,snipofscissorsandthehumofsewingmachines.

•Click滴答声clink丁当声coo咕咕声mew猫叫声moo牛叫声

Antithesis:

（对偶/对照）