An Overview of Western Translation Studies before the 1970sWord文档下载推荐.docx
- 文档编号:19835964
- 上传时间:2023-01-10
- 格式:DOCX
- 页数:11
- 大小:50.54KB
An Overview of Western Translation Studies before the 1970sWord文档下载推荐.docx
《An Overview of Western Translation Studies before the 1970sWord文档下载推荐.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《An Overview of Western Translation Studies before the 1970sWord文档下载推荐.docx(11页珍藏版)》请在冰豆网上搜索。
Cicero(106-43B.C.,西塞罗,古罗马)isoftenconsideredthefounderofWesterntranslationtheory,andthefirsttocommentontheprocessoftranslationandofferadviceonhowbesttoundertakethetask.InhisOntheOrator,CicerosetthetermswhichwereexpandedbyHorace(65-8B.C.,贺拉斯,古罗马),PlinytheYounger(61/62-113),Quintillian(35?
-95?
昆体良,古罗马),SaintJerome(347?
-420,哲罗姆,古罗马),andCatholics,ReformersandHumanistsfromthe14thtothe17thcenturies.Cicero’sapproachtotranslationis‘sense-for-sense’andnot‘word-for-word’.ThatmeansatranslatorshouldbearinmindtheintendedmeaningoftheSLauthorandrenderitbymeansofTLwordsorword-orderwhichdoesnotsoundstrangetotheTLreaders.ForCicero,“ifIrenderwordforword,theresultwillsounduncouth,andifcompelledbynecessityIalteranythingintheorderorwording,Ishallseemtohavedepartedfromthefunctionofatranslator.”
PlinytheYoungerpracticedandpropagatedtranslatingasaliterarytechnique.Forhim,themostusefulthingistotranslateGreekintoLatinandLatinintoGreek.Thiskindofexercisedevelopsinaprecisionandrichnessofvocabulary,awiderangeofmetaphorandpowerofexposition,andimitationofthebestmodelsleadstoalikeaptitudefororiginalcomposition.Thoughheemphasizestheimportanceoftranslation,he,unlikeCicero,prefers“word-for-word”translationto“sense-for-sense”translation.
Horacearguesfortherevitalizationofwell-knowntextsthroughastylethatwould“neitherlingerintheonehackneyedandeasyround;
neithertroubletorenderwordbywordwiththefaithfulnessofatranslator”,nottreattheoriginalwriter’sbeliefswithtooeasyatrust,andwouldavoidstylisticover-sensationalism”sothatthemiddleneverstrikesadifferentnotefromthebeginning,northeendfromthemiddle.”Hiscriticismofthefaithfultranslatorisoftenturnedontisheadtosupporttranslationalfidelitytotheoriginal.
SaintJerome,aChristianasceticandBiblicalscholar,translatedtheNewTestamentfromHebrewintothepopular,non-literaryLatin.HisLettertoPammachiusonthebestkindoftranslatoristhefoundingdocumentofChristiantranslationtheory.Hepointsoutthat“intranslatingfromtheGreek,---Irendernotwordforword,butsenseofsense.”Hecriticizestheword-for-wordapproachbecause,byfollowingsocloselytheformoftheST,itproducesan‘absurd’translation,concealingthesenseoftheoriginal.Thesense-for-senseapproach,ontheotherhand,allowsthesenseorcontentoftheSTtobetranslated.Inthesepolescanbeseentheoriginofboththe‘literalvs.free’and‘formvs.content’debatethathascontinueduntilmoderntimes.”
II.TranslationinRenaissanceandReformation
AtthetimeoftheRenaissance,therewasafloodoftranslationslargelyfromGreek.ThespiritofRenaissanceinspiredandgaverisetonumeroustranslationsofscientificandreligioustextsinEnglandandelsewhere.Amajorforcebehindthesetranslationswasaristocraticinterestandpatronage.ThesetranslationsintovernacularslegitimizedvernacularwritingsbecausetheypromisedaccesstoLatinculture.However,thetranslationsfromLatintovernacularsreproducedthesystemsofcontainmentandcontrolthatsustaintheLatinacademictradition.
The16thcenturywitnessedanideologicalmovementknownas‘Protestantism’.ThoughthismovementspreaditselfthroughoutEurope,itsoverwhelmingpresencewasfeltinGermany.Inthefieldofreligion,churchauthoritiesforbadethelaypeopletoreadtheBibleintheirnativelanguages.
MartinLuther(1483-1546,路德,德国),thedominantfigureinthefieldoftranslationand“fatherofthemodernGermanlanguage”,translatedtheBibleintoHighGermananduseditasanideologicalweaponoftheProtestantmovementagainsttheRomanchurch.Luther’sBibletranslationsrevealtoushowtranslationisusedbyconflictingsocialclassesasanideologicalweapon.In1530,Lutherwrotetheself-promotingandnationalisticSendbriefvomDolmetschen(CircularLetteronTranslation),inwhichhecriticizedLatin,Hebrewandotherlanguagesforbeingfullof“stonesandstumps”,incontrasttohissmoothGermanwriting.Asapoet,writerandtranslator,LutherreformedtheGermanlanguageinwaysthatcanstillbefelttoday.Hecarefullyandsystematicallyworkedouthisprinciplesofmeaning–orientedtranslation:
1)shiftofword-order;
2)employmentofmodelauxiliaries;
3)introductionofconatives,wheneverrequired;
4)useofphrases,wherenecessarytotranslatesinglewordsintheoriginaltext;
5)shiftsofmetaphorstonon-metaphorsandviceversa;
and6)carefulattentionpaidtoexplanatoryaccuracyandtextualvariants.
Inhis1540manuscriptlamanieredebientraduired’unelangueenaultre(Thewayoftranslatingwellfromonelanguageintoanother),EtinneDolet(1509-1546,多雷,法国)postulatesfiveprinciplesofgoodtranslation:
1)thetranslatormustunderstandperfectlythecontentandintentionoftheauthorwhomheistranslating;
2)thetranslatorshouldhaveaperfectknowledgeofthelanguageformwhichheistranslatingandanequallyexcellentknowledgeofthelanguageintowhichheistranslating;
3)thetranslatorshouldavoidthetendencytotranslatewordtoword,fortodosoistodestroythemeaningoftheoriginalandtoruinthebeautyoftheexpression;
4)thetranslatorshouldemploytheformsofspeechincommonusage;
and5)throughhischoiceandorderofwords,thetranslatorshouldbeabletoproducethetotaloveralleffectwithan‘appropriatetone’.
AbrahamCowley(1618-1667,考利,英国)advocatesfreedomintranslationandtreatsword-for-wordtranslationasonemadmantranslatinganother.HisdefenseoffreeimitationprovidesDrydenwithhisprimaryfoil.
JohnDryden(1631-1700,德莱顿,英国)isoftenseenasthefirstsystematictranslationtheoristintheWest.LikehiscontemporariesAbrahamCowley,JohnDenham,andtheEarlofRoscommon,Drydenisengagedinthegentlemanlysearchforsecularprinciplesoftranslation.Forhim,‘gentlemanly’largelymeans‘amateurish’,meansrefusingtoputonscholarlyairsandmeansresistingthetemptationtowritelengthyknit-browedtreatisesonthesubject.IntheprefacetohistranslationofOvid’sEpistlesin1680,Drydenreducedalltranslationtothreecategories:
metaphrase,“turninganauthorwordbyword,andlinebyline,fromonelanguageintoanother”,whichcorrespondstoliteraltranslation;
paraphrase,“translationwithlatitude,wheretheauthoriskeptinviewbythetranslator,soasnevertobelost,buthiswordsarenotsostrictlyfollowedashissense”,whichcorrespondstosense-for-sensetranslation;
imitation,“wherethetranslatorassumestheliberty,notonlytovaryfromthewordsandsense,buttoforsakethembothoccasions;
andtakingonlysomegeneralhintsfromtheoriginal,torundivisiononthegroundwork,asheplease”,whichcorrespondstoCowley’sveryfreetranslationandismoreorlessadaptation.
Drydencriticizestranslatorswhoadoptmetaphraseasbeinga“verbalcopier.”Similarly,Drydenrejectsimitation,for“theimitationofanauthoristhemostadvantageouswayforatranslatortoshowhimself,butthegreatestwrongwhichcanbedonetothememoryandreputationofthedead.”“Imitationandverbal[literal]versionare,inmyopinion,thetwoextremeswhichoughttobeavoided”andtherefore,heproposes“themeanbetwixtthem”,i.e.paraphrase.ThetriadicmodalproposedbyDrydenexertsconsiderableinfluenceonlaterwritingsontranslation.Althoughhisthree‘new’termsfortranslationarefarfromnew,Drydenremainsanattractiveandaccessiblepopularizerofthislongtradition.
Animportantworkrelatingtotranslationstudiesinthe18thcenturywasAlexanderFraserTytler’s(1747-1814,泰特勒,英国)TheEssayonthePrinciplesofTranslation.RatherthanDryden’sauthor-orienteddescription,TytlerdefinesagoodtranslationinTLreader-orientedtermstobethat“inwhichthemeritoftheoriginalworkissocompletelytransfusedintoanotherlanguageastobeasdistinctlyapprehended,andasstronglyfelt,byanativeofthecountrytowhichthatlanguagebelongsasitisbythosewhospeakthelanguageoftheoriginalwork.”
AccordingtoTytler,therearethreegeneralprinciples:
1)thetranslationshouldgiveacompletetranscriptoftheideasoftheoriginalwork;
2)thestyleandmannerofwritingshouldbeofthesamecharacterwiththatoftheoriginal;
and3)thetranslationshouldhavealltheeaseoftheoriginalcomposition.
Tytler’sfirstprinciplereferstothetranslatorhavingaperfectknowledgeoftheoriginal,beingcompetentinthesubjectandgivingafaithfultransfusionofthesenseandmeaningoftheauthor.HissecondprincipledealswiththestyleoftheauthorandinvolvesthetranslatorbothidentifyingthetruecharacterofthisstyleandhavingtheabilityandcorrecttastetorecreateitintheTL.ThethirdprincipletalksofhavingalltheeaseofcompositionoftheST.Tytlerregardsthisasthemostdifficulttaskandlikensittoanartistproducingacopyofapainting.Tytlerhimselfrecognizesthatthefirsttwoprinciplesrepresentthetwowidelydifferentopinionsabouttranslation.Theycanbeseenasthepolesoffaithfulnessofcontentandfai
- 配套讲稿:
如PPT文件的首页显示word图标,表示该PPT已包含配套word讲稿。双击word图标可打开word文档。
- 特殊限制:
部分文档作品中含有的国旗、国徽等图片,仅作为作品整体效果示例展示,禁止商用。设计者仅对作品中独创性部分享有著作权。
- 关 键 词:
- An Overview of Western Translation Studies before the 1970s 1970
链接地址:https://www.bdocx.com/doc/19835964.html