语用学术语及对照表Word格式文档下载.docx
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语用学术语及对照表Word格式文档下载.docx
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"
Colour"
canbeusedinexpressionswithabstractreferenceasinthephrase:
showingone'
struecolours.
accomplishmentverb--非瞬间完成性动词averbthatexpressesachangeinstatusoveraperiodtime:
Thewords"
learn"
and"
teach"
arebothaccomplishmentverbs.
achievementverb--瞬间完成性动词averbthatexpressesachangeinstatuswithoutduration:
Verbslike"
win"
kick"
arrive"
and"
open"
areachievementverbs.
activityverb--前指aprocesswhereawordcansubstituteforaprecedingwordorgroupofwords,usedasasecondaryreference:
Inthesentence"
TomlikesicecreambutBillcan'
teatit,"
theword"
it"
isasubstituteforicecream,whichisanexampleofanaphora.
actor
affected
affixalnegation--词缀否定negationofawordbyanegativeaffixsuchastheprefixun-,in-,non-,-less,etc.inEnglish:
Affixalnegationisbasedontheaffixationofthenegativeprefixesandsuffixes.
agent
ambiguity
anaphora
antonymousgroup--反义词群agroupofantonymouswordswhereanyonememberofthegroupisinoppositiontoallothermembers:
Sincenounstendtodescribecomplexesofqualities,theytendtoformintolargerantonymousgroups.
antonyms
argument
aspect
assertives--描述性,说明性的(语言功能)actsofasserting,stating,denying,confessing,predicting,etc.:
HewasafishermaninsouthernChina,earning150yuanamonth"
isanexampleofassertives.
associate
atelic
attributive
background--informationthatisessentialtounderstandingasituationorproblem:
theembassyfilledhiminonthebackgroundoftheincident"
backgroundknowledge--背景知识informationthatisessentialtounderstandingasituationorproblem:
co-hyponyms
cognitivesemantics--认知语义学Anapproachtothestudyofmeaningbasedonourexperienceoftheworld:
Whatisnewincognitivesemanticsisthewayinwhichithasbeenabletobemoreconcreteandspecificaboutthewayinwhichstructuresofourperceptualinteractionsworktheirwayupintoourunderstandingofmoreabstractconceptualdomains
collocation--搭配thewayinwhichsomewordsarealwaysusedtogether,oraparticularcombinationofwordsusedinthisway('
commitacrime'
):
Collocationreferstotherestrictiononhowwordscanbeusedtogether,forexamplewhichprepositionsareusedwithparticularverbs,orwhichverbsandnounsareusedtogether.
collocation--可搭配性thepossibilitiesofco-occurrenceofwords:
Animportantfactaboutlanguageisthatalllexicalitemsaremoreorlessrestrictedintheirdistribution,i.e.collocation.
commissives--承担性的(言语功能)commitmentsmadeforthespeakertoengageinsomefuturecourseofactions:
I'
llletyouhavemyreplyby5pmFriday"
isanexampleofcommissives.
commonground--共识knowledgewesharewithourinterlocutors:
Thisjointactivityrequiresustoshareacommonground,thetypeofknowledgeweassumewesharewithourinterlocutors
Communicativeevent--
Notionthatcommunicationisnotsimplyanarrangementofwordsandrepresentationofanidea,butaninteractionamongparticipants.DellHymes,animportantsociolinguist,proposesaSPEAKINGmodeltoanalyzeimportantaspectsofspeechasaninteractiveevent.KennethBurkeproposesahisDramatisticPentad(Thomas&
Tchudi108-10)toinvolving"
aninterplayofspeaker,setting,audience,andpurpose"
asinaplay(108).
Competence--
Speaker'
sknowledgeoflanguagerulesandstructuresthatallowhertointerpretandgenerateutterances.WehavecompetenceinModernEnglish.Ourknowledgeisdifferentfromthecompetenceofthatofaspeakerofanotherlanguage;
wehavedifferentrules.
complementaries
conceptualmetaphor--概念隐喻Metaphoricalconcept,referringtoabstractnotions:
AconceptualmetaphorofupwardorientationinEnglishsaysthatBEINGHAPPYISBEINGOFFTHEGROUND,asshownbythefollowingexamples:
highflyers;
soaringwithjoy;
overthemoon.Seealso:
orientationalmetaphor,linguisticmetaphor,ontologicalmetaphor
concretereference--具体指称关系areferringexpressionthatreferstoatangibleobject:
Theword"
colour"
canbeusedinanexpressionwithconcretereferenceasin:
Childrenlovebrightcolours.
context--1.contextnoun背景thesetoffactsorcircumstancesthatsurroundasituationorevent:
thehistoricalcontext"
Seealso:
circumstance
2.contextnoun上下文,文章脉络whatcomesbeforeandafteraword,phrase,statement,etchelpingtofixthemeaning:
Can'
tyouguessthemeaningofthewordfromthecontext
3.contextnoun语境discoursethatsurroundsalanguageunitandhelpstodetermineitsinterpretation
linguisticcontext,contextofuse
4.contextnoun上下文circumstancesinwhichanutteranceisproduced:
Thecontextoftenhelpsinunderstandingtheparticularmeaningoftheword,phrase,etc.
contextualmeaning
5.contextnoun(countableoruncountable)环境,背景(n)Thecontextofanideaoreventisthegeneralsituationthatrelatestoit,andwhichhelpsittobeunderstood.:
ThisisthecontextinwhichPresidentBillClintonmustdecidehispolicy.
setting,situation,environment,surroundings,circumstance
6.contextofusenoundiscoursethatsurroundsalanguageunitandhelpstodetermineitsinterpretation
context,linguisticcontext
contextualmeaning--上下文意义,语境意义meaningincontext,usedinterchangeablywithutterancemeaning:
Contextualmeaning,asopposedtoabstractmeaning,takesaccountofsituationalcontext.
utterancemeaning
contradiction
contradictory
contrary
conventionalimplicature--规约隐涵implicatureconventionallyattachedtoaparticularexpression:
Inthecaseofconventionalimplicaturethesameimplicatureisalwaysconveyed,regardlessofcontext,whereasinthecaseofconversationalimplicature,whatisimpliedvariesaccordingtothecontext.
conversationalimplicature--会话隐涵implicatureattachedtoaparticularutterance:
Inthatinthecaseofconventionalimplicaturethesameimplicatureisalwaysconveyed,regardlessofcontext,whereasinthecaseofconversationalimplicature,whatisimpliedvariesaccordingtothecontext.
conversational-contract--会话合约anunderstandingoftheconstraintsininteraction:
Weenterintoaconversationandcontinuewithinaconversationwiththe(usuallytacit)understandingofourcurrentconversational-contract(CC)ateveryturn.
cooperativeprinciple--合作原则assumptionthatpeoplecooperatewitheachotherwhencommunicating:
TheCooperativePrincipleisinstantiatedbyfourmaximsofconversationthathelpusestablishanimplicaturemoreaccurately.
maximsofconversation
culturalcoherence--文化连贯Thewayinwhichculturalmodelsshapeourmetaphoricalexpressions:
Thestudyofmetaphorinrelationtovariousculturalandlinguisticgroupshasassumedanimportantpartinthefieldofthestudyofcognitivesemantics,asnotedinthesectionon"
Culturalcoherence"
declarations--宣告性言语行为actsusedtochangethestatusofsomeentity:
Inowpronounceyoumanandwife"
isanexampleofdeclaration.
defeasibility--上下文敏感性context-sensitivity:
Thedefeasibilityofimplicaturesisthemostimportantdifferencebetweensemanticmeaningandimplicatedmeaning.
definingrelativeclause
definitereference--有定指称关系referringtoareferentthatisidentifiablebythehearer:
Nameshavedefinitereferencewithinacertaingroupofpeople,forinstance:
MissWongfromourteam;
thePresidentofourcompany.
deixis--deixisnounthefunctionofpointingorspecifyingfromtheperspectiveofaparticipantinanactofspeechorwriting;
aspectsofacommunicationwhoseinterpretationdependsonknowledgeofthecontextinwhichthecommunicationoccurs
2.deixisnoun指示词atermforawordorphrasewhichdirectlyrelatesanutterancetoatime,place,orperson(s):
InEnglish,'
this'
isadeixis.
deontic--义务情态modalitythatexpressespermissionandobligation:
Itispossibleforustoviewandtocategorizemodalitiesintwobroadcategoriesofmodals:
deontic(obligation)andepistemic(possibility).
2.deonticlogicnoun应性逻辑themodallogicofobligationandpermissibility
dependentpreposition--依存介词aprepositionthathabituallyco-occurwithcertainverbs:
Dependentprepositionsinvolvecollocations,wordsthathabituallyco-occur.
Discourse--
Utterancesortextlargerthanasentence.Ourcoursehashadstronginterestsindiscourseanalysis,lookingatsequencesofsentencesandinterchangeandtheirrelationtosocialinteraction,dominance,andcollaboration(seeThomasandTchudi84-86foranexample).APowerPointpresentationondiscourseisavailableundertheClassdatfolderforourcourseincampuscomputerlabs.
Discourseroutines--
Pragmaticrulesthatestablishnormalactsequencesofdiscourse.Forexample,utterancepairsandresponsesingreetingsandtelephoneconversation.Chaikaarguesthatsuchrulescanforcesubordination,cooperation,ordominanceincommunicativeevents.APowerPointpresentationondiscourseisavailableundertheClassdatfolderforourcourseincampuscomputerlabs.
directives--指示性言语功能attemptsbythespeakertogetthehearertodosomething:
Havesomemore"
isanexampleofdirectives.
ditransitiveverb--双及物动词averbhavingtwoobjects:
JanegaveMa
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