微观经济学中英文术语及其解释.doc
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微观经济学中英文术语及其解释.doc
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Scarcitythelimitednatureofsociety’sresources
Economicsthestudyofhowsocietymanagesitsscarceresources
Efficiencythepropertyofsocietygettingthemostitcanfromitsscarceresources
Equitythepropertyofdistributingeconomicprosperityfairlyamongthemembersofsociety
Opportunitycostwhatevermustbegivenuptoobtainsomeitem
Marginalchangessmallincrementaladjustmentstoaplanofaction
Marketeconomyaneconomythatallocatesresourcesthroughthedecentralizeddecisionsofmanyfirmsandhouseholdsastheyinteractinmarketsforgoodsandservices
Marketfailureas/tuitioninwhichamarketleftonitsownfailstoallocateresourcesefficiently
Externalitytheimpactofoneperson’sactionsonthewell-beingofabystander
Marketpowertheabilityofasingleeconomicactor(orsmallgroupofactors)tohaveasubstantialinfluenceonmarketprices
Productivitythequantityofgoodsandservicesproducedfromeachhourofaworker’stime
Inflationanincreaseintheoveralllevelofpricesintheeconomy
Philipscurveacurvethatshowstheshort-runtradeoffbetweeninflationandunemployment
Businesscyclefluctuationsineconomicactivity,suchasemploymentandproduaion
Circular-flowdiagramavisualmodeloftheeconomythatshowshowdollarsflowthroughmarketsamonghouseholdsandfirms
Productionpossibilitiesfrontieragraphthatshowsthecombinationsofoutputthattheeconomycanpossiblyproducegiventheavailablefactorsofproductionandtheavailableproductiontechnology
Positivestatementsclaimsthatattempttododescribetheworldasitis
Normativestatementsclaimsthatattempttoprescribehowtheworldshouldbe
Absoluteadvantagethecomparisonamongproducersofagoodaccordingtotheirproductivity
Opportunitycostwhatevermustbegivenuptoobtainsomeitem
Comparativeadvantagethecomparisonamongproducersofagoodaccordingtotheiropportunitycost
Importsgoodsproducedabroadandsolddomestically
Exportsgoodsproduceddomesticallyandsoldabroad
Marketagroupofbuyersandsellersofaparticulargoodorservice
Competitivemarketamarketinwhichtherearemanybuyersandmanysellerssothateachhasanegligibleimpactonthemarketprice
Quantitydemandedtheamountofagoodthatbuyersarewillingandableto-purchase
Lawofdemandtheclaimthat,otherthingsequal,thequantitydemandedofagoodfallswhenthepriceofthegoodrises
Demandscheduleatablethatshowstherelationshipbetweenthepriceofagoodand-thequantitydemanded
Demandcurveagraphoftherelationshipbetweenthepriceofagoodandthequantitydemanded
Normalgoodagoodforwhich,otherthingsequal,anincreaseinincomeleadstoanincreaseindemand
Inferiorgoodagoodforwhich,otherthingsequal,anincreaseinincomeleads‘toadecreaseindemand
Substitutestwogoodsforwhichanincreaseinthepriceofoneleadstoanincreaseinthedemandfortheother
Complementstwogoodsforwhichanincreaseinthepriceofoneleadstoadecreaseinthedemandfortheother
Quantitysuppliedtheamountofagoodthatsellersarewillingandabletosell
Lawofsupplytheclaimthat,otherthingsequal,thequantitysuppliedofagoodriseswhenthepriceofthegoodrises
Supplyscheduleatablethatshowstherelationshipbetweenthepriceofagoodandthequantitysupplied
Supplycurveagraphoftherelationshipbetweenthepriceofagoodandthequantitysupplied
Equilibriumasituationinwhichthepricehasreachedthelevelwherequantitysuppliedequalsquantitydemanded
Equilibriumpricethepricethatbalancesquantitysuppliedandquantitydemanded
Equilibriumquantitythequantitysuppliedandthequantitydemandedattheequilibriumprice
Surplusasituationinwhichquantitysuppliedisgreaterthanquantitydemanded
Shortageasituationinwhichquantitydemandedisgreaterthanquantitysupplied
Lawsofsupplyanddemandtheclaimthatthepriceofanygoodadjuststobringthequantitysuppliedandthequantitydemandedforthatgoodintobalance
Elasticityameasureoftheresponsivenessofquantitydemandedorquantitysuppliedtooneofitsdeterminants
Priceelasticityofdemandameasureofhowmuchthequantitydemandedofagoodrespondstoachangeinthepriceofthatgood,computedastheepercentagechangeinquantitydemandeddividedbythepercentagechangeinprice
Incomeelasticityofdemandameasureofhowmuchthequantitydemandedofagoodrespondstoachangeinconsumers’income,computedasthepercentagechangetnquantitydemandeddividedbythepercentagechangeinincome
Cross-priceelasticityofdemandameasureofhowmuchthequantitydemandedofonegoodrespondtoachangeinthepriceofanothergood,computedasthepercentagechangemquantitydemandedofthefirstgooddividedbythepercentagechangeinthepriceofthesecondg
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