自考英语英语语法基础材料句法Word下载.docx
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自考英语英语语法基础材料句法Word下载.docx
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I.Warming-upExercise:
1.Canyouhavethewashing-machine_________(send)tomyplace?
2.Bequick!
Theyhavethecar________(wait)forusatthegate.
3.Thosewhohavequestions________(ask),raiseyourhands.
4.Youhadbetter_______(pay)himavisitsoon.
5.Weneedn’t_________(go)toschoolonSundays.
6.Wedon’tneed_________(leave)soearlythistime.
7.Yourshoesaredirty.Theyneed________(wash)badly.
8.Wouldyouplease________(make)alittlemoreroomforme?
9.Wouldyoulike________(take)partinthesportsmeet?
10.Thepupilsweremade________(recite)thetextseveryday.
(一)动词不定式
动词不定式一般由小品词to加动词原形构成。
以下是其各种时态和语态:
主动
被动
一般
todo
tobedone
进行
tobedoing
完成
tohavedone
tohavebeendone
完成进行
tohavebeendoing
1.动词不定式的一般式所表示的动作和状态发生在谓语动词所表示的动作和状态的同时或以后:
Ibelievehimtobeanartist.
HewaseagertovisitBeijing.
Shefounditdifficulttobeunderstoodbyherstudents.
2.动词不定式的进行式所表示的动作和状态与谓语动词所表示的动作和状态同时发生:
ThebookissaidtobesellingwellintheU.S.A.
Heappearedtobelisteningattentively.
3.动词不定式的完成式所表示的动作和状态发生在谓语动词所表示的动作和状态以前:
I’msorrytohavekeptyouwaitingforme.
Theyaresaidtohavefinishedthewholeproject.
Mostofthemarereportedtohavebeenprintedontime.
4.动词不定式的否定式在to前加not:
Shedecidednottobelateagain.
Heregrettednottohavecaredforhertheseyears.
Theypretendednottobelisteningtous.
(二)动词不定式的语法作用
动词不定式在句中起名词、形容词和副词的作用,可以充当主语、表语、宾语、定语、宾补、主补和状语。
它的作用是三种非谓语动词形式中最多的。
1.主语(动词不定式作主语,其谓语动词为第三人称单数形式)
Tolivehereisapleasure.
Tolearnaforeignlanguagetakesalongtimeandlotsofhardwork.
ItisimportanttolearnEnglishwell.
IttakesalongtimeandlotsofhardworktolearnEnglish.
2.表语
Hisaimistobreaktheworldrecord./Ourgoalistowinthegame.
Sheseemedtohavebeenwaitingforherhusband.
Wearetoleaveatsix.
Themeetingistobeheldthedayaftertomorrow.
3.宾语
IlearnedtospeakKorean./Hewantstotellmethewholecase.
Youdon’tneedtobewaitinghere.
“疑问词(what,which,when,where,how)+不定式”的结构相当于一个宾语从句。
Idon’tknowhowtodealwiththissituation.
Theyaskedwhentohandinthepaper.
Pleasedecidewhichistobegivenasasample.
Theyaretryingtofindoutwheretobuythiskindofhat.
4.定语
Wehavealotofworktodotonight.
Thereisnothingtoworryabout.
Hiswishtobuyacarcametrue.
Heisalwaysthelastonetoleavetheclassroom.
Hehasfoundaroomtolivein.
Ineedapentowritewith.
5.宾补
Theyaskedmetokeepreading.
Shetoldhimtogiveherthedictionary.
Isawhimentertheclassroom.
Weletherbuyabottleofbeer.
Hewasheardtosayhewantedtogoabroad.
TheteacherteachesushowtolearnEnglish.
6.主补
Sheisknowntobeagoodstudent.
Wewereaskedtojointhecompany.
7.状语
(1)表目的
Iopenedthedoortoletinthefreshair.
Theygotupearlysoastobeabletocatchtheearlytrain.(以便,为了)
Inordertohandinthehomeworkintime,theyworkedalldayandnight.
(2)表结果
Weallworkedsohardastofeeltiredoutinafewhours.(如此。
。
以至于)
Heistooyoungtohandlesuchadifficultsituation.
I’moldenoughtogetmarried.
(3)表原因
ThegirlwasgladtovisitNewYork.
I’mveryhappytomeetyouhere.
Theboyfeltscaredtoheartheterriblenews.
(4)be+形容词+不定式
Thekindofappleisnicetolookatbutdoesn’ttastegood.
Themanageriseasytogetalongwith.
二、动名词
(一)动名词的形式
动名词一般由动词原形加词尾-ing构成,与现在分词形式相同。
主动
被动
一般
writing
beingwritten
完成
Havingwritten
havingbeenwritten
1.动名词一般式表示的动作发生在谓语动词的同时或其后:
ShestartedlearningEnglishthreeyearsago.
Shedreamedofbeinginvitedtotheparty.
2.动名词的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前:
Mysisterwaspraisedforhavinghelpedherclassmatestoreviewtheirlessons.
Weallgotangryforhavingbeencheatedbythecompany.
Headmittedhavingmadeamistake.
3.有时,一般式可以替代完成式:
Thankyoufortellingmethenews.
Afterleavinghome,hehadtolearntomakehisownliving.
4.动名词的否定式是在动名词前加not:
Youhaveenoughreasonfornotgoingthere.
Theyinsistedonnotperformingtheplayinsuchasmalltheatre.
(二)动名词的作用
动名词在句中相当于名词,可以作主语、表语、宾语和定语,放在介词后共同构成状语;
另外,动名词又具有动词特征,因此可以接宾语、状语或表语。
Hedreamedofbecomingapilot.(作宾语,带表语)
Gettingupearlyisconsideredagoodhabit.(作主语,带状语)
1.主语
Readingisimportantinlanguagelearning.
Playingtheviolinismyhobby.
Havingstudiedcomputerisanimportantqualificationforthejob.
Itisnousewaitinghereforsolongatime.
Itisnogooddiscussingsuchquestions.
Itisworthwhilefulfillingthistask.
2.表语
Myfavoritesportisplayingfootball.
Herjobwaskeepingthehallascleanaspossible.
Thatisaskingfortrouble.
Thebestpolicyisbeinghonest.
Herregretishavingdonesomuchforhimandbeingabandonedbyhim.
3.宾语
(1)动词的宾语
Theteacherhasfinishedcheckingourpapers.
Haveyouenjoyedbeingtogetherwithme?
Hekepttalkingaboutthesamethingdayandnight.
(2)介词的宾语
Theytookanactivepartinorganizingthemoviefestival.
Hesattherewithoutspeakingalldaylong.
I’mlookingforwardtomeetingyouagain.
Weareusedtogettingupearly.
4.定语
Nooneisallowedtospeakaloudinthereadingroom.
Iboughtawalkingstickformygranny.
Sheforgotbringingherlisteningmaterials.
5.状语(动名词本身不能作状语,但放在介词后,可起状语作用,表示时间、原因、让步、方式等)
Aftergettingupinthemorning,hewentoutforawalk.
Jimwaspraisedforhavingbrokenarecord.
Withallhisboasting,Jackachievedverylittle.
Theywenttotheofficebytakingataxi.
(三)动名词与不定式作宾语的区别
1.以下动词必须以不定式作宾语:
want,agree,plan,decide,hope,refuse,manage,intend,expect,wish,fail,choose,mean,dare,pretend,promise,desire,volunteer,prepare,
2.以下动词必须以动名词作宾语:
allow,avoid,deny,dislike,enjoy,finish,mind,miss,practise,suggest,risk,can’thelp,delay,pardon,complete,admit,imagine,keep,fancy,
3.以下动词既可以接不定式又可以接动名词作宾语
like,love,hate,prefer,attempt,begin,start,stop,continue,need,remember,forget,regret,try,deserve,neglect,etc.
(一般来说,不定式表示一次性的、具体的,现在的或将来的动作;
动名词表示习惯、抽象概念,泛指已经成为过去的动作。
但有些动词意义区分较大:
stoptalking停止讲话rememberpostingtheletter记得已经寄了信
stoptotalk停下来开始讲话remembertoposttheletter记得要寄信
regrettotellherthebadnews很遗憾的要告诉她
regrettellingherthenews很后悔告诉她
need/wantdoing某物需要做meandoing意味着
need/wanttodo某人需/想要做某事meantodo打算
4.不带to的不定式
在感官动词hear,listento,feel,see,watch,notice和使役动词let,make,have以及hadbetter,wouldrather,wouldrather…than,ratherthan,cannotbut,wouldsooner,wouldsooner…than等结构后不用to:
Hemadehergiveuptheproperty.
Theywouldratherdiethansurrender.
Shecan’tdoanythingbutasksillyquestions.
5.接不定式复合结构,即v.+sb.+todo
advisesb.todosth.allowsb.todosth.asksb.todosth.
begsb.todosth.encouragesb.todosth.expectsb.todosth.
forcesb.todosth.helpsb.todosth.invitesb.todosth.
leadsb.todosth.ordersb.todosth.permitsb.todosth.
persuadesbtodosth.prefersb.todosth.remindsb.todosth.
requestsb.todosth.requiresb.todosth.teachsb.todosth.
tellsb.todosth.wantsb.todosth.warnsb.todosth.
wishsb.todosth.
(四)动名词复合结构
物主代词/名词所有格/名词/人称代词宾格+动名词(这里的物主代词、名词所有格等是动名词的逻辑主语)
Mary’scominglatemadetheteacherveryangry.
Doyoumindmy/mesmokinghere?
Iamsureofhimgettingonwell.
Hehasneverheardofawomanbeingapilot.
John’shavingseenherdidnotmakeherworried.
Herdaughterwinningagoldmedalsurprisedher.
三、分词
分词有现在分词和过去分词两种。
现在分词由“动词原形+ing”构成;
过去分词由动词的过去分词构成,有规则与不规则。
分词具有动词特征,同时又具有形容词、副词特征,可在句中作定语、表语、宾补和状语;
有时态和语态的变化,可带状语、宾语。
分词
及物动词(write为例)
不及物动词(go为例)
主动
被动
主动
现
在
分
词
beingwritten
going
--------
havingwritten
havingbeenwritten
havinggone
---------
过去分词
written
gone
分词的否定式:
在分词前加not
Notknowingthispartofthecity,Ilostmyway.
Notwarnedbytheothers,theywentintothepit(陷阱).
现在分词与过去分词的区别(时态和语态)
现在分词表示主动、进行;
过去分词表示被动、完成。
Youmustmaketeawithboilingwater.(正在沸腾的水,表进行)
Weshoulddrinkboiledwater.(已经煮沸过的水,表完成)
adevelopingcountry发展中国家
adevelopedcountry发达国家
分词的作用:
1、作定语:
单个分词作定语一般放在被修饰词之前,分词短语作定语一般放在被修饰词之后,往往可用定语从句代替。
Abarkingdogseldombites.(Adogwhichbarksseldombites.)
Thesuggestionsenttotheboardwasadopted.(whichwassenttotheboard)
Amangettingupassoonasthecockcrowsisahard-workingman.(鸡一叫就起床的人是一个勤奋的人。
)
*分词与动名词作定语的区别:
分词往往表示被修饰词所发出的动作,即分词的逻辑主语是它所修饰的词;
动名词所修饰的词不能充当其逻辑主语。
asleepingboy(aboywhoissleeping)分词
asleepingcar(acarforsleeping)动名词
arunningstream奔流的小溪分词
apairofrunningshoes一双跑鞋动名词
以下例子都是动名词:
writingdesksleepi
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