groupattachmenWord格式文档下载.docx
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groupattachmenWord格式文档下载.docx
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1.TheDanes’Occupation:
TheDanesoccupiedthecountryin1013afterthedeathoftheAnglo-Saxonking,KingAlfredtheGreat,andhelditfor30years.
2.TheNormanConquest:
In1066cametheFrench-speakingNormansunderDukeWilliam,wholaterbecamethekingofEngland.ItwascalledtheNC.WilliamtheconquerorthenconfiscatedthelandsoftheEnglishlords,regardingthewholeEnglandashisown,andbestowedlargepatchesoflandtohisNormanBarons,whointurndividedtheirlandsamongtheirownknights.Thus,hepushedEnglandwellonitswaytofeudalism,andtheNCmarkedtheestablishmentoffeudalisminEngland.
2.1TheInfluencesoftheNormanConquest:
2.2.1.Onlanguage:
AftertheNCthegeneralrelationoftheNandSaxons—masterandservants.Oneofthemoststrikingmanifestationsofthesupremacyoftheconquerorswastobeseeninlanguage.TheNormanslordsspokeFrench;
theirEnglishsubjectsretainedoldtongue.Romances,theprominentformofliteratureintheA-Nperiod,wereatfirstallinFrench.
Bytheendofthe14thcentury:
NormansandtheEnglishintermingled,Englishoncemorethedominantspeechinthecountry,however,nowsomethingdifferentfromtheoldAnglo-Saxon.ThestructureofthelanguageremainedEnglishandthecommonwordswerealmostretained,thoughoftenmodifiedinsoundandform.Forexample,towordsofA-Sorigin,like“build,askbegin,wet”wereaddedsynonymouswordsofN-Frenchorigin“construct,inquire,commence,humid”(encourager,enterprise,envelope,etc).TheEnglishlanguagewasgreatlyenrichedbyNormanconquest.
2.2.1.1Englishvocabularyiscomposedof3sources:
A.
nativewordsorA-Sorigin(thebasicvocabularyincludingwordsoffamilymembers,ofhumanbody,ofexpressingnature(sun),oftime(day,month)andforverbs,mostlysingleordoublesyllables.
B.
Norman-Frenchorigin:
wordsofgovernment,administrative,law(court,justice,parliament);
wordsinvolvingreligion,militaryaffairs(navy,army,baptism,confession);
wordsinvolvingdressing,cooking,diplomacy,socialcommunication(veil,fashion,menu);
culture(renaissance,literature).
C.
Latinorigin:
Mostareacademicwords(education,science).
2.2.2Onliterature:
TheliteraturetheybroughttoEnglandisremarkableforitsbright,romantictalesoftheloveandadventure,inremarkablecontrastwiththestrengthandsombernessoftheAnglo-Saxonpoetry.Themostprevalent(popular)kindoflitinfeudalEnglandwastheromance—alongcomposition,sometimeinverse,sometimeinprose,describingthelifeofandadventureofanoblehero.Thecentralcharacterofromanceswastheknight—amanofnoblebirthskilledintheuseofweapons,commonlydescribedasridingforthtoseekadventures,takingpartintournament(contest),orfightingforhislordinbattle(later,devotinghimselftoprotectinghishostess,thusloveaffairsappeared.),devotedtothechurchandking.TherulesgoverningthemannersandmoralsofaknightwereknownasCHIVALRY.Thethemeofloyaltytokingandlordwasrepeatedlyemphasizedinromances(asloyaltywasthecorner-stoneoffeudalmorality,withoutwhichthewholestructureoffeudalismwouldcollapse).
Thesubjectmattersare:
1)mattersofFrance;
2)mattersofGreeceandRome;
3)mattersofBritaintaleshavingfortheirheroesArthurandhisknightsoftheRoundTable,inwhichSirGawainandtheGreenKnightisfamous.
2.2.3Othereffects:
thebringingofRomancivilizationtoEngland;
thegrowthofnationality,i.e.astrongcentralizedgovernmentinsteadofthelooseunionofSaxontribes.
2.24SocialFeaturesofFeudalEngland:
Distinctdivisionofmainly2classes:
LandlordandPeasants.Noblemen,knights,bishops,archbishops,abbotsandthelike,withthekingattheirhead—therulingclassholdingmostoftheland.Torulethepeople,therewasawholenetworkofchurchgovernmentaswellasseculargovernmentundertheking’sofficers.Thosewhodaredtosayordosomethingagainstthefeudalorderwereoftencondemnedashereticsandseverelypunished,usu.burntalive.ThisperiodoftimehasbeencalledtheMiddleAges,ortheDarkAge.Itextendedintothe15thcentury.
Joke:
—Whyisthemiddleagesalsocalledthedarkage?
—Becausethereweremanyknights.
Questions:
1.WhyaretheEnglishpeoplemixedblooded?
(AlsoreferbacktoPartI)
2.WhatinfluencesdidNormanConquesthaveonEngland?
3.Whatisthemostpopularliteraryforminthisperiod?
Whatfeatures?
PartIIIGeoffreyChaucer(1340-1400)
KnowthecontributionsofChaucertoEnglishpoetry;
UnderstandthestoryofTheCanterburyTalesandknowitscharacteristics.
3.
KnowthefeaturesofPopularBallads.
1.Life:
(seetextbookp41-42)
2.Chaucer’sliterarycareer:
DuringhislifehewasfirstmuchinFrance,theninItaly,finallysettleddowninEngland.Interestingly,hislitcareercanalsobedividedinto3periodscorrespondingwiththoseofhislife:
The1st—consistingofworkstranslatedfromtheFrench,asTheHouseofFame.The2nd—consistingofworksadaptedfromItalian,asTroilusandCriseyde.The3rd—includingTheCanterburyTales,whichispurelyEnglish,thoughtheplotshowstheinfluenceofBoccaccio’sDecameron.
3.TheCanterburyTales:
Chaucer’smasterpieceandoneofthemonumentalworksinEnglishliterature.
3.1.TheStory:
Thewholepoemisacollectionoftalesandstoriesmixedtogetheraccordingtoasimpleplan.Onespringday,thepoetintheTabardInninSouthwarkattheendofLondonBridgemeetsacompanyof32pilgrimsreadyforajourneytoSt.ThomasatCanterbury.AtthesuggestionofthehostofInn,theyagreedtoeachtell2storiesgoingand2returningsincethejourneyis60mileslong.Thehostistobethejudgeofthecontest.So128stories,butactuallyonly24.However,thoughincomplete,thesetalescoverpracticallyallthemajortypesofmedievalliterature:
romancesofknightsandideas,folktales,merryandmoral,animalstories,storiesofadventures,etc.Allbut2oftheseareinverse.
(Seetextbookpage43-45)
3.2ThePrologue:
providesaframeworkforthetales,comprisesagroupofvividsketchesoftypicalmedievalfigures.Allclassesexcepttheroyaltyandthepoorestpeasantsarepresentedbythepilgrims.Everyfigureisdrawnwiththeaccuracyofaportrait.NoexaggerationtosaytheProloguesuppliesaminiatureoftheEnglishsocietyofChaucer’stime.
Thepoetsucceededinlinkingthe24storiestogetherin2ways:
Thepresenceofthehostservestoconnectthefirsttothelasttales—hegivesaunitytothewholework,inviting,criticizing,admiring,denouncing,butalwayskeepinghimselfinevidence.ThenthereisalsoanintimateconnectionbetweenthetalesandthePrologue,bothcomplementingeachother.
3.3SocialsignificanceofTheCanterburyTales:
Chaucer’spoetryisplainlynarrative.Everythingisbasedonreality.Butitismorethancollectionoftruetolifepictures.
A.Chaucercreatedstrikingbrilliantpanoramaofhistimeandhiscountry,affirmedmenandwomen’srighttopursuetheirhappinessonearthandopposedthedogmaofasceticismpreachedbychurch.Asaforerunnerofhumanismhepraisedman’senergy,intellect,quickwitandloveoflife,exposedandsatirizedtheevilsofthetime.
B.Inatransitionalperiod,notentirelydevoidofmedievalprejudices;
religioushimself;
nothingrevolutionaryinhiswriting.However,theseweakpoints<
hisachievementsasagreatpoetandstory-teller.
3.4Discussionoftheselectionfrompage45-51.
4.Chaucer’sLanguage:
A.Hislanguage,nowcalledMiddleEnglish,vivid&
exact.He,amasterofword-pictures;
hisverseisamongthesmoothestinEng.
B.HiscontributiontoEngpoetrylieschieflyinthefactthatheintroducedfromFrancetherhymedstanzasofvarioustypes,esp.therhymedcoupletofiambicpentameter(tobelatercalledthe“heroiccouplet”)toEnglishpoetry,insteadoftheOldA-Salliterativeverse.
C.ThefirstgreatpoetwhowroteinthecurrentEnglanguage.HisproductionofsomuchexcellentpoetrywasanimportantfactorinestablishingEngastheliterarylanguageofthecountry.ThespokenEngofthetimeconsistedofseveraldialects,andChaucerdidmuchinmakingthedialectofLondonthefoundationformodernEngspeech.ForB&
C,hewascalled(byThe17thcenturyEnglishwriterJohnDryden)the“FatherofEngpoetry”.
5.PopularBallads:
Aballadisastorytoldinsong,usu.in4-linestanzas,withthesecondandfourthlinesrhymed.Nooneknowswhowrotethem.Theywerecomposedcollectivelybythepeopleandconstantlyrevisedastheywerehandeddownfrommouthtomouth.BishopThomasPercy(1728-1811)wasthefirsttotakealiteraryinterestinballads.
Percy’spublicationofthematerialinhisReliquesofAncientEnglishPoetry(1765)inspiredothers,mainlySirWalterScott.Theballadshaveavarietyofthemes:
thestruggleofyoungloversagainsttheirfeudalfamilies,theconflictbetweenloveandwealth,thecrueleffectofjealousy,theborderwarsbetweenEnglandandScotland,andmattersofclassstruggle.OfspecialimportantisTheRobinHoodBallads.Englishballadryincludesalsoagreatnumberofhumorousballads.GetupandBartheDoorisagoodexample.(Forotherinformation,seetextbook,page51-53)
1.ThestoryofTheCanterburyTales.
2.HowdidChaucersucceedinlinkingthe24storiestogether?
3.WhatisthesocialsignificanceofTheCanterburyTales?
4.HowdidChaucerd
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