英语词汇学第六章解析Word文档下载推荐.docx
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英语词汇学第六章解析Word文档下载推荐.docx
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e.g.
The
"
flight"
mean
passing
through
air"
power
flying"
air
journey"
etc.
2.Two
approaches
1).(Diachronic
approach–
Diachronically,
polysemy
is
assumed
to
be
result
growth
and
the
semantic
structure
one
word.
This
first
meaning
primary
meaning.
With
advance
time
language,
took
on
These
latter
meanings
are
called
derived
E.g.
face
gave
birth
new
become
either
absolute
disappeared
altogether
E.g.harvest
time
cutting
reaping
gathering
crops
a
season‘s
yield
grain
fruit
Pain
penalty
punishment
pains
upon/under
pain
suffering
2).Synchronicapproach–synchronically,polysemyisviewedasthe
coexistent
ofvariousmeaningofthesameword
in
a
certain
historical
period
time.
basic
core
ofword
central
(secondary
meaning).
has
gradually
dimished
currency
with
changes
hasbecome
dominant.
gay
3.Two
process
development
1).Radiation-asemanticprocesswhichshowsthatthe
primarymeaningstandsatthecenter
andeachofthe
proceed
out
every
direction
like
rays.
independent
another,
but
can
all
tracked
back
Neck
1)
That
part
man
animal
jointing
head
body
2)
garments
3)
neck
an
used
as
food
4)
A
narrow
between
base
any
object
5)
anything
Of
5
rest
each
other
four
directly
related
1).
Therefore,
we
say
developed
radiation.
2).Concatenation–meaning―linkingtogether,isthesemanticprocessinwhichthemeaningofawordmovesgradually
away
from
its
sense
by
successive
shifts
until,
many
cases,
there
not
sign
connectionbetween
that
finally
which
termhad
at
begining.
White-robed
adj.穿白色长袍的
Office
seeker
white
gouns
person
who
seeks
office
proposed
for
place,
award,
etc.
4
meanings,
three
derived,
only
no
direct
connection
4).
concatenation.
3).Difference
Radiationand
concatenation
closely
related,
being
stages
leading
polysemy.
Radiation,
connected
Concatenation,
later
chains.
Though
latest
original,
there‘s
nodirect
between.
processes
work
together,
complementing
other.
Radiation
precedes
二.
1.Homonyms--are
generally
defined
words
identical
both
sound
spelling
spelling.
2.
1).Perfect
Homonyms--are
spelling,
e.g.bank/bank,bear/bear,date/date
2).Homographs--are
Bow/bow,Sow/sow
3).Homophones
(most
common)--are
e.g.Dear/dear,Right/rite,Son/sun
3.Origins
Changeinsoundandspelling
(homonymsarenativebyorigin,derivedfromdifferentearlierformsinOldEnglish.
change
made
themidentical
modern
English.)
e.g.
ear/ear,long/long
2).
Borrowing
(many
foreign
origin
coincide
and/or
those
native
withthose
origin.)
fair/fair,ball/ball
3).
Shortening
shortened
forms
happen
sound)
ad/add,rock/rock,NOW/now
4.Differentiation
polysemants
(Perfect
homonyms
fully
regard
andpronunciation.
)
refer
word,
share
forms.
Polysemant
some
word,which
several
1).One
important
criterion
see
their
etymology.
sources.
polysemant
fromthe
source,
acquired
development.
2).Thesecondprincipleis
semanticrelatedness.
Thevariousmeaningsofapolysemantare
correlated
greater
less
degree.
Meanings
nothing
todo
another.
5.Rhetoric
feature
They
create
desired
effect
of,
say,
humour,
ridicule.
三.
1.Synonyms—
most
nearly
alike
exactly
Synonyms
likeness
denotation
speech.
2.Types
1).Absolute(Complete)Synonyms--arewords,whichare
inmeaningin
allits
aspects,bothin
grammatical
lexical
meaning,
including
conceptual
associative
Absolute
(Complete)Synonyms
restricted
high-specialized
vocabulary.
For
instance,
composition
/
compounding.
perfect
in
Lexicology.
2).Relative(Near)synonyms--are
similarornearly
thesameindenotationbutembracedifferentshadesofmeaning
degrees
given
quality.
Change/alter/vary
Take
stagger/reel/totter
example.
Stagger
implies
unsteady
movement
characterized
loss
balance
failure
maintain
fixed
course.
E.g.stagger
under
heavy
load;
Reel
suggests
swaying
lurching
so
appear
verge
falling.
drunken
reeled
downthe
hall;
Totter
indicates
uncertain,
faltering
steps
feeble
old
infant
learning
walk.
3.Sources
1).Borrowing:
(the
source)
2).Dialects
regional
English:
eg.Railway
(BrE)
railroad
(AmE)
Mother
(BrE)minny
(ScotE)
Charm
glamour
Ranch
run
(AusE)
Job
(StandE)
gig
(BlackE)
Jim
(BlachE)
mal
3).Figurativea.比喻的,象征的and
euphemistica.委婉的use
words:
Occupation
walk
life
(fig.)
Dreamer
star-gazer
Drunk
elevated
(euph.)
Lie
distort
fact
4).Coincidence
idiomatic
expressions:
Win
gain
upper
hand
Decide
make
up
one‘s
mind
Finish
get
Hesitate
be
minds
Help
lend
hand
4.Discrimination
Difference
denotation:
differ
range
intensity
Range
(some
wider
than
others)
timid--timorous
Timid
applied
state
moment,
ant
habitualdisposition.
Timorous
disposition.
Comprehend/
understand
extend—increase—expand
owner
restaurant
going
extend
kitchen
ten
feet
this
year.
company
decided
increase
sales
percent
next
metal
will
expand
if
heated.
Extent
increase
expandDiffer
degree
wealth—rich
wealth
posses
money
property
rich
man.
work–toil
Work
general
term
having
special
implications
‗light‘
‗heavy‘,
‗mental‘
‗
physical‘.
Toil
‗heavy
tiring
work‘,
associated
manual
mental
labor.
want—wish—desire
Want
widest
Wish
desire
much
sense
connotation:
stylistic
emotive
coloring.
Some
appropriateness.
borrowed
French
Latin
formal
words.
borrowings
appropriate
technical
writing.
policeman–constable–bobby–cop
policeman(neutral)–constable(neutral)
–bobby(colloquial)–cop(slangy)
ask
--
beg
request
(neutral);
(colloquial);
(formal)
archaic
poetic,
self-suggestive.
e.g.ire/anger,bliss/happiness,forlorn/distressed,dire/dreadful,list/listen,enow/enough,save/expect,mere/lakeand
such
synonyms,
second
standard
usage
whereas
old-fashioned
andarchaic,
found
poetry,
earlier
writing,
Many
synonyms
clear
affective
values
result–consequenceresult(neutral
)–consequence(negative
implication)
big–great
big(the
bigness
size,
volume
on,
without
coloring)-
great(sugges
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- 英语 词汇学 第六 解析