11年考研英语试题及答案Word文档下载推荐.docx
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11年考研英语试题及答案Word文档下载推荐.docx
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Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordforeachnumberedblackandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1. TheInternetaffordsanonymitytoitsusers,ablessingtoprivacyandfreedomofspeech.Butthatveryanonymityisalsobehindtheexplosionofcyber-crimethathas1acrosstheWeb. Canprivacybepreserved2bringingsafetyandsecuritytoaworldthatseemsincreasingly3?
Lastmonth,HowardSchmidt,thenation?
scyber-czar,offeredthefederalgovernmenta4tomaketheWebasaferplace-a“voluntarytrustedidentity”systemthatwouldbethehigh-tech5ofaphysicalkey,afingerprintandaphotoIDcard,allrolled6one.Thesystemmightuseasmartidentitycard,oradigitalcredential7toaspecificcomputer.andwouldauthenticateusersatarangeofonlineservices. Theideaisto8afederationofprivateonlineidentitysystems.Usercould9whichsystemtojoin,andonlyregistereduserswhoseidentitieshavebeenauthenticatedcouldnavigatethosesystems.TheapproachcontrastswithonethatwouldrequireanInternetdriver?
slicense10bythegovernment. GoogleandMicrosoftareamongcompaniesthatalreadyhavethese“singlesign-on”systemsthatmakeitpossibleforusersto11justoncebutusemanydifferentservices. 12.theapproachwouldcreatea“walledgarden”ncyberspace,withsafe“neighborhoods”andbright“streetlights”toestablishasenseofa13community. Mr.Schmidtdescribeditasa“voluntaryecosystem”inwhich“individualsandorganizationscancompleteonlinetransactionswith14,trustingtheidentitiesofeachotherandtheidentitiesoftheinfrastructure15whichthetransactionruns”。
Still,theadministration?
splanhas16privacyrightsactivists.Someapplaudtheapproach;
othersareconcerned.Itseemsclearthatsuchaschemeisaninitiativepushtowardwhatwould17beacompulsoryInternet“drive?
slicense”mentality. Theplanhasalsobeengreetedwith18bysomecomputersecurityexperts,whoworrythatthe“voluntaryecosystem”envisionedbyMr.SchmidtwouldstillleavemuchoftheInternet19.TheyarguethatallInternetusersshouldbe20toregisterandidentifythemselves,inthesamewaythatdriversmustbelicensedtodriveonpublicroads. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.ononinin 12.vaineffectreturncontrast 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. SectionIIReadingComprehension PartA Directions:
Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsaftereachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1. Text1 RuthSimmonsjoinedGoldmanSachs?
sboardasanoutsidedirectorinJanuary2000:
ayearlatershebecamepresidentofBrownUniversity.Fortherestofthedecadesheapparently managedbothroleswithoutattractingmucheroticism.Butbytheendof2009Ms.SimmonswasunderfireforhavingsatonGoldman?
scompensationcommittee;
howcouldshehaveletthoseenormousbonuspayoutspassunremarked?
ByFebruarythenextyearMs.Simmonshadlefttheboard.Thepositionwasjusttakinguptoomuchtime,shesaid. Outsidedirectorsaresupposedtoserveashelpful,yetlessbiased,advisersonafirm?
sboard.Havingmadetheirwealthandtheirreputationselsewhere,theypresumablyhaveenoughindependencetodisagreewiththechiefexecutive?
sproposals.Ifthesky,andthesharepriceisfalling,outsidedirectorsshouldbeabletogiveadvicebasedonhavingweatheredtheirowncrises. TheresearchersfromOhioUniversityusedadatabasehatcoveredmorethan10,000firmsandmorethan64,000differentdirectorsbetween1989and2004.Thentheysimplycheckedwhichdirectorsstayedfromoneproxystatementtothenext.Themostlikelyreasonfordepartingaboardwasage,sotheresearchersconcentratedonthose“surprise”disappearancesbydirectorsundertheageof70.Theyfountthatafterasurprisedeparture,theprobabilitythatthecompanywillsubsequentlyhavetorestateearningsincreasedbynearly20%.Thelikelihoodofbeing namedinafederalclass-actionlawsuitalsoincreases,andthestockislikelytoperformworse.Theeffecttendedtobelargerforlargerfirms.Althoughacorrelationbetweenthemleavingandsubsequentbadperformanceatthefirmissuggestive,itdoesnotmeanthatsuchdirectorsarealwaysjumpingoffasinkingship.Oftenthey“tradeup.”Leavingriskier,smallerfirmsforlargerandmorestablefirms. Buttheresearchersbelievethatoutsidedirectorshaveaneasiertimeofavoidingablowtotheirreputationsiftheyleaveafirmbeforebadnewsbreaks,evenifareviewofhistoryshowstheywereontheboardatthetimeanywrongdoingoccurred.Firmswhowanttokeeptheiroutsidedirectorsthroughtoughtimesmayhavetocreateincentives.OtherwiseoutsidedirectorswillfollowtheexampleofMs.Simmons,onceagainverypopularoncampus. 21.AccordingtoParagraph1,Ms.Simmonswascriticizedfor. [A]gainingexcessiveprofits [B]failingtofulfillherduty [C]refusingtomakecompromises [D]leavingtheboardintoughtimes 22.WelearnfromParagraph2thatoutsidedirectorsaresupposedtobe. [A]generousinvestors [B]unbiasedexecutives [C]sharepriceforecasters [D]independentadvisers 23.AccordingtotheresearchersfromOhioUniversityafteranoutsidedirector?
ssurprisedeparture,thefirmislikelyto. [A]becomemorestable [B]reportincreasedearnings [C]dolesswellinthestockmarket [D]performworseinlawsuits 24.Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthatoutsidedirectors. [A]maystayfortheattractiveoffersfromthefirm [B]haveoftenhadrecordsofwrongdoingsinthefirm [C]areaccustomedtostress-freeworkinthefirm [D]willdeclineincentivesfromthefirm 25.Theauthor?
sattitudetowardtheroleofoutsidedirectorsis. [A]permissive [B]positive [C]scornful [D]critical Text2 Whateverhappenedtothedeathofnewspaper?
Ayearagotheendseemednear.The recessionthreatenedtoremovetheadvertisingandreadersthathadnotalreadyfledtotheinternet.NewspapersliketheSanFranciscoChroniclewerechroniclingtheirowndoom.America?
s FederalTradecommissionlaunchedaroundoftalksabouthowtosavenewspapers.Shouldthey becomecharitablecorporations?
Shouldthestatesubsidizethem?
Itwillholdanothermeetingsoon.Butthediscussionsnowseemoutofdate. Inmuchoftheworldthereisthesignofcrisis.GermanandBrazilianpapershaveshruggedofftherecession.EvenAmericannewspapers,whichinhabitthemosttroubledcomeoftheglobalindustry,havenotonlysurvivedbutoftenreturnedtoprofit.Notthe20%profitmarginsthatwereroutineafewyearsago,butprofitallthesame. Ithasnotbeenmuchfun.Manypapersstayedafloatbypushingjournalistsoverboard.TheAmericanSocietyofNewsEditorsreckonsthat13,500newsroomjobshavegonesince2007.Readersarepayingmoreforslimmerproducts.Somepapersevenhadthenervetorefusedeliverytodistantsuburbs.Yetthesedesperatemeasureshaveprovedtherightonesand,sadlyformanyjournalists,theycanbepushedfurther. Newspapersarebecomingmorebalancedbusinesses,withahealthiermixofrevenuesfromreadersandadvertisers.Americanpapershavelongbeenhighlyunusualintheirrelianceonads.Fully87%oftheirrevenuescamefromadvertisingin2008,accordingtotheOrganizationforEconomicCooperationDevelopment。
InJapantheproportionis35%.Notsurprisingly,Japanesenewspapersaremuchmorestable. Thewhirlwindthatsweptthroughnewsroomsharmedeverybody,butmuchofthedamagehasbeenconcentratedinareaswherenewspaperareleastdistinctive.Carandfilmreviewershavegone.Sohavescienceandgeneralbusinessreporters.Foreignbureaushavebeensavagelycutoff.Newspapersarelesscompleteasaresult.Butcompletenessisnolongeravirtueinthenewspaperbusiness. 26.Bysaying“Newspaperslike…theirowndoom”,theauthorindicatesthatnewspaper. [A]neglectedthesignofcrisis [B]failedtogetstatesubsidies [C]werenotcharitablecorporations [D]wereinadesperatesituation 27.Somenewspapersrefuseddeliverytodistantsuburbsprobablybecause. [A]readersthreatenedtopayless [B]newspaperswantedtoreducecosts [C]journalistsreportedlittleabouttheseareas [D]subscriberscomplainedaboutslimmerproducts
28.ComparedwiththeirAmericancounterparts,Japanesenewspapersaremuchmorestablebecausethey. [A]havemoresourcesofrevenue [B]havemorebalancednewsrooms [C]arelessdependentonadvertising [D]arelessaffectedbyreadership 29.Whatcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphaboutthecurrentnewspaperbusiness?
[A]Distinctivenessisanessentialfeatureofnewspapers. [B]Completenessistoblameforthefailureofnewspaper. [C]Foreignbureausplayacrucialroleinthenewspaperbusiness. [D]Readershavelosttheirinterestincarandfilmreviews. 30.Themostappropriatetitleforthistextwouldbe. [A]AmericanNewspapers:
StrugglingforSurvival [B]AmericanNewspapers:
GonewiththeWind [C]AmericanNewspapers:
AThrivingBusiness [D]AmericanNewspapers:
AHopelessStory Text3 WetendtothinkofthedecadesimmediatelyfollowingWorldWarIIasatimeofprosperityandgrowth,withsoldiersreturninghomebythemillions,goingofftocollegeontheG.I.Billandliningupatthemarriagebureaus. Butwhenitcametotheirhouses,itwasatimeofcommonsenseandabeliefthatlesscouldtrulybemore.DuringtheDepressionandthewar,Americanshadlearnedtolivewithless,andthatrestraint,incombinationwiththepostwarconfidenceinthefuture,madesmall
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