建筑英汉互译论文文档格式.docx

建筑英汉互译论文文档格式.docx

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AmbroseDodooa,∗,LeifGustavssona,b,RogerSathre

Abstract：

Inthisstudyweanalyzethelifecycleprimaryenergyuseofawood-frameapartmentbuildingdesignedtomeetthecurrentSwedishbuildingcode,theSwedishbuildingcodeof1994orthepassivehousestandard,andheatedwithdistrictheatorelectricresistanceheating.Theanalysisincludestheprimaryenergyuseduringtheproduction,operationandend-of-lifephases.Wefindthatanelectricheatedbuildingbuilttothecurrentbuildingcodehasgreaterlifecycleprimaryenergyuserelativetoadistrictheatedbuilding,althoughthestandardforelectricheatingismorestringent.Also,theprimaryenergyuseforanelectricheatedbuildingconstructedtomeetthepassivehousestandardissubstantiallyhigherthanforadistrictheatedbuildingbuilttotheSwedishbuildingcodeof1994.Theprimaryenergyformaterialproductionconstitutes5%oftheprimaryenergyforproductionandspaceheatingandventilationofanelectricheatedbuildingbuilttomeetthe1994code.Theshareofproductionenergyincreasesastheenergy-efficiencystandardofthebuildingimprovesandwhenefficientenergysupplyisused,andreaches30%foradistrictheatedpassivehouse.Thisstudyshowsthesignificanceofalifecycleprimaryenergyperspectiveandthechoiceofheatingsysteminreducingenergyuseinthebuiltenvironment

Keywords:

BuildingcodePassivehouseLifecycleprimaryenergyElectricheatingDistrictheating

1.Introduction

Buildingsaccountfor30–40%ofthetotalprimaryenergyuseglobally[1],andthebuildingsectorofferslargepotentialtoreduceprimaryenergyuseandCO2emissionbye.g.reducedheatingdemands,increasedefficiencyinenergysupplychainsandgreateruseofrenewableresourcesformaterialsandfuels.Severalstrategiescanbeusedtorealizethispotential,includingenergyefficiencyrequirementsinbuildingstandards,forexamplerequirementsthatspecifyminimumenergyefficiencyforbuildings.ImprovedbuildingenergyefficiencyisapriorityissueintheEuropeanUnion（EU）,wherethebuildingsectoraccountsforthelargestshareofthetotalprimaryenergyuse[2].TheEUEnergyPerformanceofBuildingDirective（EPBD）requiresMemberStatestoimplementimprovedenergyefficiencymeasuresforbuildings[3].InSweden,astringentbuildingenergy-efficiencystandardwasintroducedinresponsetotheEPBD,shiftingthecompliancecriteriatotheenergyperformancemethodfromtheaverageoverallU-valuemethod.Theenergyperformancemethodsetsamaximumvalueperm2buildingareaforenergyuseorCO2emissionbasedonenergysupply,whiletheaverageoverallU-valuemethodsetsamaximumthermaltransmittancevalueforabuildingenvelope.Similarimprovedbuildingenergy-efficiencystandardshavebeenintroducedinotherEUMemberStates[4].Forexample,Denmarkintroducedanewbuildingenergy-efficiencystandardbasedontheenergyframemethodwhichsetsamaximumenergylossvalueperm2buildingarea[5].IntheUK,theenergyconservationsectionofthebuildingcodewasrevised,shiftingthecompliancecriteriatotheenergyperformancemethodfromtheelementalU-valuemethod[6].InSpain,themaximumU-valueforbuildingelementswastightened,tofurtherimprovetheenergyperformanceofbuildingenvelopes[7].ThepassivehousestandardhasbeenappliedforseveralbuildingsinEurope[8],andisgainingincreasingattentionasinterestinbuildingswithlowspaceheatusegrows.

Thespecificapproachofbuildingenergy-efficiencystandardsindealingwithenergyefficiencymayvarybetweencountries.However,buildingenergy-efficiencystandardsgenerallyfocusonfinalenergyuseforoperationbyspecifyingthermalpropertiesandspecificfinalenergyuseforbuildings.Theoperationenergygenerallydominatesthelifecycleenergyuse[9,10],soconstructingbuildingstomeetahighthermalstandardgenerallyreduceslifecycleprimaryenergyuse.However,focusingonlyonoptimizingtheenergyperformanceintheoperationphasemayresultinpotentialtrade-offsinotherlifecyclephases.Forexample,Feist[11]comparedtwobuildingsandfoundthatthebuildingwithloweroperationenergyhadgreatertotallifecycleprimaryenergyusebecauseofitshighproductionenergy.Thusmeasuresthatreduceoperationenergyusedonotnecessarilyreducetotallifecycleprimaryenergyuse.Theprimaryenergyforbuildingproductionbecomesrelativelymoreimportantasmeasuresareappliedtoreducetheoperationenergyuse[12].Thormark[13]foundtheproductionenergytorepresent45%oftotallifecycleprimaryenergyuseinalowenergybuilding.Theenergyimplicationsofbuildingsextendbeyondtheoccupationstage,andinalifecycleperspectiveincludestheproduction,operationandend-of-lifestages.

Theend-useenergyservicesofabuildingcanbeprovidedbyvarioustypesofsupplysystems,whichcanresultinsignificantlydifferentprimaryenergyuse.Forexample,GustavssonandJoelsson[14]foundthatadistrictheatedconventionalhousehaslowerprimaryenergyusethananelectricallyheatedpassivehouse,eventhoughthepassivehousehadsubstantiallylowerfinalenergyuse.Alltheprocessesalongtheenergychain,fromtheextractionofmaterialtorefining,transport,conversiontoheatandelectricityanddistributiontotheusercanbeperformedwithdifferentenergyefficiencyandwithvaryingemissions.Alltheenergyinputfortheseprocessesneedtobeincludedforafulldescriptionofaparticularenergysystem.Acomprehensiveassessmentoftheenergeticimpactofabuildingrequiresasystem-wideperspective,includingalllifecyclephasesofthebuildingandtheentireenergychainfromnaturalresourcestofinalenergyservices.Suchanapproachwouldhelpustounderstandthelifecycleimplicationsofbuildingenergy-efficiencystandardsandtoreducetheprimaryenergyuseinthebuiltenvironment.

Somestudieshaveanalyzedanddiscussedtheenergyimpactofbuildingenergy-efficiencystandardsbutmostofthese[e.g.5–7,15,16]focusontheenergyuseduringtheoperationstageofbuildings.Feist[11]analyzedtheprimaryenergyuseofbuildingsbuilttotheGermanybuildingcodeof1984andthepassivehousestandard,includingtheenergyuseduringtheproductionandoperationstages.Casals[17]analyzedtheprimaryenergyuseofabuildingconstructedtothenewbuildingcodeofSpainandshowedtheimportanceofincludingtheproductionenergyinbuildingenergyassessment.However,studiesthathaveanalyzedtheimplicationsofbuildingenergy-efficiencystandardsfromalifecycleprimaryenergyperspectivearelacking.InthisstudyweanalyzetheimpactoftheSwedishbuildingcodesorpassivehousestandardonthelifecycleprimaryenergyuseofresidentialbuildings.

2.Studydescriptions

2.1.Energyefficiencystandards

Weanalyzecaseswherebuildingsaredesignedtomeettheenergy-efficiencystandardofthecurrentSwedishbuildingcode（BBR2009）,theSwedishbuildingcodeof1994（BBR1994）ortheSwedishpassivehouse（Passivhus）standard.TheBBR2009[18]becamemandatoryinJanuary2010andspecifieslimitsforthespecificenergyuseforbuildings,encompassingthefinalenergyuseforspaceheating,domestichotwaterandelectricityforfansandpumpsbutexcludingelectricityforhouseholdappliancesandlighting.Thespecificenergyusestandardforbuildingsvarieswithclimaticzones,andwhetherelectricresistanceornon-electricheatingisused.Themaximumspecificenergyuseforelectricallyheatedbuildingsare95,75and55kWh/m2yearfortheclimatezonesI,IIandIII,respectively（seeFig.1）.Fornonelectricresistanceheatedbuildings,thecorrespondingvaluesare150,130and110kWh/m2year,respectively.Also,theaverageU-valueforthewholebuildingenvelopemustnotexceed0.40and0.50W/m2forelectricresistanceandnon-electricheatedbuildings,respectively.

2.2.Buildings

Ourcase-studybuildingisa4-storeymulti-familywood-framebuildingwith16apartmentsandatotalheatedfloorareaof1190m2inVä

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insouthernSweden（climatezoneIII）.Thebuildingwasbuiltduringthemid-1990stothestandardoftheBBR1994.Theouterwallsofthebuildingconsistofthreelayers,including5cmplaster-compatiblemineralwoolpanels,12cmthicktimberstudswithmineralwoolbetweenthestuds,andawiringandplumbinginstallationlayerconsisting7cmthicktimberstudsandmineralwool.Two-thirdsoftheouterfac¸

adeisplasteredwithstucco,withtheremaindercoveredwithwoodpaneling.Thegroundfloorconsistsof1.5cmoakboardingon16cmconcreteslablaidon7cmexpandedpolystyreneand15cmmacadam,andtheremainingfloorsaremadeoflighttimberjoists.Newbuildingsofthesamesizearethenmodeledtoachievetheenergy-efficiencoftheBBR2009forelectricordistrictheatedbuildingsandthePassivhusstandard.Table1showsthethermalenvelopecharacteristicsofthebuildings.TheBBR2009districtheatedbuildinghassimilarthermalenvelopecharacteristicsastheoriginalbuildingbutincludesadditionalmineralwoolinsulationof5and10cmfortheroofatticandexternalwalls,respectively.FortheBBR2009electricheatedbuilding,efficienttapsareassumedtobeusedandtheoverallU-valueofthebuildingenvelopeisassumedtobeimprovedbytriple-glazedwindowswithlowemissivitycoatingandkryptongasfilling;

20cmadditionalmineralwoolinsulationintheexternalwall;

8cmadditionalmineralwoolinsulationintheroofattic;

andmechanicalventilationsystemwith85%heatrecoveryefficiency.ThePassivhusbuildingissimilartotheBBR2009e