Lesson SevenWord文档格式.docx

Lesson SevenWord文档格式.docx

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表示四倍以上的依此类推。

到2000年，我国的生产总值将是1980年的四倍。

到2000年，我国的国民生产总值将在1980年的基础上翻两番。

到2000年，我国的国民生产总值将比1980年增加三倍。

By2000,ourGNPwillhavebeenfourtimes/fourfoldasmuchasitwasin1980.

By2000,ourGNPin1980willhavebeenquadrupled.

By2000,ourGNPwillhaveincreasedby300%over1980.

我们现在的工资是十年前的五倍。

我们现在的工资比10年前增加了四倍。

Oursalariesarenowfivetimes/fivefoldasmanyaswhattheyweretenyearsago.

Oursalariesarenowfivetimes/fivefoldthosetenyearsago.

我国要养活的人口是那个国家的7.5倍。

Wehavetofeed7.5-foldthenumberofpeopleinthatcountry.

2.Readthefollowingfigures

5:

65to6

160wpm160wordsperminute

120kph120kilometersperhour

100mph100milesperhour

300kg/sqcm300kilogramspercentimeter

LessonEight

1.InterpretingIndefiniteNumbers（不确定数字）

1）InterpretingApproximateNumbers（大约）

CH:

约、大约、大概、来、左右……

ENG:

about,around,roughly,approximately,some,moreorless,intheneighborhoodof,orso,orthereabout,intherough…

2）InterpretingNumbersSmallerthanRoundNumbers（少于）

少于、低于、不到、不及、不足、以下……

fewerthan,lessthan,under,below,within…

3）InterpretingNumberswiththeMeaningof“Nearly”（将近）

近、快、将近、几乎、差不多、差一点儿、差一点儿不到……

nearly,almost,toward,closeon…

4）InterpretingIndefiniteNumbersWhichMean“MoreThan”（多于）

多于、大于、高于、超过、多、以上……

morethan,over,above,upwardsof,andmore,odd,andodd…

5）InterpretingNumbersWhichAreBetweenParticularNumbers（介于）

到、至、介于…之间……

from…to…,（anywhere）between…and…

2.Expressions:

达到reach,total,number,total,peakat,be…intotal

占%:

accountfor,takeup;

constitute;

makeup

上升：

rise,increase,climb,jump,skyrocket,augment,up

下降:

fall,drop,decline,decrease,precipitate,down

稳定/波动:

levelout/off,remainstable,fluctuate,stand/stayat,toreachapeak

LessonTen

Note-taking

1.Necessityoflearningnote-taking

Whileitisessentialforaninterpretertobeabletousehis/hershort-termmemory,itishighlyimportantforhim/hertobeabletousenotestohelpremembering,especiallywhentheinputislongerthanwhattheshort-termmemorycanmanage.

Foraninterpreter,itcannotbestressedmorethattakingnotesisonlyameanstosupplementorenhancememoryortoremindhim/herofthereceivedinformation.Theactoftakingnotesshouldnottakeuptoomuchofattentionoreffort.

Takingnotesisbynomeansaneasyjob.

2.Distinctfeaturesofnote-takingininterpreting

Note-takingisessentiallydifferentfromshorthandinthatthelatteremploysacompletelydifferentsystemofsymbolswhichneedtobedecipheredthemselves.Note-taking,ontheotherhand,providesthebestsolutiontotheproblemofspeedandaccuracy.

3.Suggestedlanguagetobeusedinnote-taking

Thereisnoabsoluteruleonwhetherthenotesshouldbetakeninthetargetlanguageorthesourcelanguage.Itdependsonthepreferenceofindividualinterpreters.Forinstance,onhearingtheChinesecharacter“我”,wefinditmuchquickertowriter“I”thanitsChineseequivalent,whichinvolvesmanystrokes.Thesameistrueof“中国人民解放军”and“中华人民共和国”,whichcanbemuchmoreeasilyrepresentedbytheirEnglishinitials“PLA”and“PRC”respectively.ButwhenitcomestotheEnglishphrase“betweenourtwocountries”,itisdoubtlesslymoreconvenientandtimesavingtouseChinese.Thusthephrasecanbewrittenas“2□间”.

4.Suggestedwaystotakenotes

Aninterpretershouldnottakenotesindiscriminately.He/Sheshould,firstofall,makealogicalanalysisoftheoriginalspeechsoastofollowthespeaker’sflowofthoughts.Thenhe/sheshouldtrytocatchthekeywordswhichcontainthemessageofthespeech.He/Sheshouldwritewordsorsymbolssparinglyandtakenotesinawaythateachwordorsymbolrepresentsakeywordorasensegroup.Veryoften,oneortwolettersofakeyEnglishwordoronecharacterofasensegroupinChineseisenoughtohelptheinterpreterremembertheoriginalsentence.Specialattentionshouldbegiventopersonalnames,places,figures,time,andthenamesoforganizations.

Forexample,“中国的对外政策是一贯的，有三句话，第一句话是反对霸权主义，第二句话是维护世界和平，第三句话是加强同第三世界的团结和合作，或者叫联合和合作。

”Innoteform,thewholesentencecanbeputinto:

中f.p.一贯；

3句。

1）反h2）维p

3）↑团&

co./联→3rdW.//

Itisalsonecessarytopointoutthataninterpretershouldtryhis/herbesttorememberthebeginningandtheendofaspeech.Transitionalwordsorphrasessucha“but”,“so”,“if”and“aslongas”areofspecialimportanceinindicatingthelogicalrelationshipbetweendifferentsensegroupsandhelpinginterpretersrmemberwhathasbeensaid.Inordertofacilitatenote-taking,wemightaswellusesomesimplewordstostandforvariousgroupsoftransitionalexpressions.

if

solongas

onconditionthat

provided/providingthat

incase

tho

although

though

eventhough

while

inspiteof

despite

to

Soasto

inorderto/that

sothat

due

because

as

since

for

forthisreason

nowthat

owingto

thanksto

so

thus

therefore

hence

Asaresultof

consequently

but

nevertheless

still

however

yet

evenso

onthecontrary

ontheotherhand

Forexample:

5.Suggestedformatsfornote-taking

Itisadvisableforaninterpretertotakenotesincolumnssothateachsensegrouprepresentedbyakeywordorsymbolinthenotesoccupieshalfalineorevenoneline,andthatthenextsensegroupisnotedinanotherline.Aninterpretercanalsodividethepaperintotwohalvesbydrawingaverticallineinthemiddle.Inwhichevercase,he/shemustmakesuretodrawtwoshortslantinglinestomarkthendofasentence.

Format1

//

Format2

////

6.Suggestedsymbolsandabbreviationstobeusedinnote-taking

1）Thearrow“→”

→

出口，输出

打入

出国

到达

前往，派遣

交给…

屈服于

运往

导致

exportto

enter

arrive

presentto

giveto

submitto

sendto

leadto,resultin,cause

←

来自，源于

进口

收到

回归/到

comefrom,originatein

importfrom

receivefrom

comebackto

↑

增长

扩大

提高，发展

升起

加强

上涨

发射

起飞

升空

提拔，晋升

grow

expand

develop

rise,goup

strengthen,improve

increase

launch

ascend

skyrocket

promote

↓

向下

轰炸

跳水

下跌

下降

减少

恶化

降职

削/裁减

dropto

bomb

jump

decrease

descend

godown

deteriorate

demote

reduce

2）Mathematicalsymbols

+

加上

另外

除此之外

plus

and,inadditionto

furthermore

-

减去

缺乏/少

minus

lack

×

不对的，错的

坏的，不好的

臭名昭著的

incorrect,wrong

bad

notorious

>

大于

超过

好于，优于

越来越

Greater,larger

morethan

betterthan,surpass,superiorto

moreandmore

<

小/少于

不如，次于，逊色

smaller/fewer/lessthan

worsethan,inferiorto

≥

多/大于或等于

morethanorequalto

≤

少/小于或等于

lessthanorequalto

=

等于

相当于

是…的对手

equalto,equal

thesameas

amatch/rival/competitiorfor

≠

不等于

不是…的对手

notequalto

notmatchfor

≈

大约，左右

approximately,around,orso

∵

由于，因为

as,because,owingto,dueto,thanksto

∴

所以，因此，结果

consequently,so,therefore,asaresult

3）PunctuationMarks

colon

：

说/讲

告诉，认为

宣称，声明

抗议

譬如……，象……

say,speak

tell

declare

protest

suchas,like

questionmark

？

问题

疑问

问

question

doubt

ask

fullstop

.

观点，意见

主意，论点

难点

viewpoint,opinion

idea

difficultpoint

exclamationmark

!

usedtodrawattention

elevateddash

comma

apostrophe

’

usedtoreplacefigures

brackets

（）

包括

在…之中/内

封闭，闭关自守

including

in,within,inside

seclusion