旅游中英文对照外文翻译文献Word文件下载.docx
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旅游中英文对照外文翻译文献Word文件下载.docx
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ProblemsoftourismandrecreationintheWaddenSeaarediscussed.Specialregardisgiventoland-basedactivitiesbeinginharmonywithnatureandfavoringtheprotectionofenvironment.ThediscussionfocusesonthetrilateralWaddenpolicyoftheconcededEuropeancountries.TheNetherlands,GermanyandDenmark.
Keywords:
TrilateralWaddenSeapolicy,tourism,landbasedrecreation,adverseeffectsonnature
1.WhyaCommonConcern?
IntheWaddenSeaareapeoplelive,workandrecreate.TrilateralWaddenpolicyhasbeenmainlyfocusedonsea-basedrecreation.ButanactivityintheWaddenareawhichalsohasadirectinfluenceonthedunes,mudflatsandtidalareasislandbasedrecreation.Millionsofpeoplevisittheareaeachyearforleisure.UntilnowthishasbeenneglectedbytheinternationalWaddenpolicy.Becauseoftheinfluenceofanddevelopmentsinthissector,itisnecessarytowidenthescopeofthispolicysothatastrategycanbedevelopedforallrecreationalactivities.Thisimpliesmakingintelligentchoices.Whatkindofrecreationalactivitiesandaccommodationsfitthisnaturearea?
Whenandwhereshouldtheytakeplace?
Whatamountsareinharmonywiththenaturewewanttoprotect?
Answerstothesequestionsarepartofastrategyforconservationofnatureandrecreation.
In1994,inLeeuwarden,ecologicalgoalsweredrawnupnotonlyforthetidalarea,butalsoforthebeachesanddunes,thesaltmarshes,thecoastlineandtheruralareas(ontheislandsandtheadjacentareasofthemainland).Inaddition,itwasrecognizedthatthetrilateralpolicycoveredawiderareathanjusttheWaddenSea.lossofnaturalhabitatsandthedisturbanceoffloraandfaunaasaresultofincreasingtourismwasidentifiedasacauseforcancel.Tobetterunderstandtheinfluenceoflandbasedrecreationonthearea'
snaturalenvironment,itisnecessarytofirstconsiderthesituationinthetourismsector.ThisismainlybasedontheexperiencesobtainedbytheDutchWaddenSocietyintheDutchWaddenSearegion.
2.ASummaryoftheSituation
I.Sincethemiddleofthiscentury,theWaddenSeaareahasbeenapopulardestinationforanevergrowingnumberoftourists.Todaytouristscanchoosefromawiderangeofaccommodations:
hotels,hikingcabins,apartments,campingsites,bungalowsandsoon.Thisdevelopmenthassparkedalotofbuildingactivity;
sometimestoreplaceoldbuildings,butmoreoftenfornewbuildingsites.Inanumberofcasesthishasbeenatthecostofduneareas.Afirstobservation:
toofferallthesevisitorsaplacetosleepmoreandmorespaceisoccupied.Sometimesatthecostofnatureandsometimesatthecostofhistoricalbuildingsorrurallandscape.
II.Butnotallvisitorstotheareastayovernight.Ontheonehandtherearethedaytouriststotheislands.Especiallytheislandswithashortferrytimeand/orlowferrycostsatefavorites.Ontheotherhandthedifferentrecreationalareasalongthemainlandcoastlinealsoattractalargenumberofdaytourists,particularlyinGermany.Touristsnotonlydesireaplaceonthebeachinthesun,butalsowanttowalkinthedunes,buyacupofcoffeeandhavepropertransportfacilitiestoandfromthearea.OnthemainlandsideoftheferrydamtoAmeland,forexample,thereateplansforasecondlevelinthecarparkonthemainlandtoofferdaytouristsextraparkingspaceclosetotheferry.Asecondobservation:
daytourismleavesitsmarksinthelandscapebyfacilities,overfulledashtrays,emptybeachchairsandtreadedplants,alsowhenthedayisover.
Theshortsecondorthirdholiday,amidweekbreakoradaytoescapeitall,hasbecomerealityformany.Thequietandlongoff-seasonperiodisathingofthepastforthelocalpopulationandnature.Theaccommodation-branchesanticipatesthistrendbybuildingmoreandmorecabinsandbungalowsatformercampingsites.Thelengtheningoftheholidayseasonhasbeenencouragedbythedevelopmentofso-called"
badweatherfacilities"
likethetropicalswimmingpool.TheresultisthatwalkersandcyclistscanbefoundonthebeachorinthedunesasearlyasMarch.Thiscancauseproblemsformigratoryandbreedingbirds.Shouldtheareasimportanttothesebirdsbeclosedofftothepublicearlierintheyear?
Thatisagainsttheideathatpeopleshouldbegivenasmanychancesaspossibletoenjoynature.Sowhatismoreimportant:
undisturbedfeelingsoflibertyorundisturbednestbuilding?
Athirdobservation:
lengtheningoftheholidayseasonmeansmoredisturbancerisktoanumberofbirdspecies.
IV.Recreationalactivitiesarenolongerlimitedtoawalkbreathingthefreshseaairofahealingdipinthewater.Thecurrentpossibilitiesseemendless,afewexamples:
parachutejumping,golfing,"
naturecombing"
walkingonthemudflats,visitingbirdcolonies,seals,awagonridethroughthedunesandmarshes,shortaeroplanetrips,kiting,sunbathing,night-life,crosscountrycyclingandsoon.Afourthobservation:
recreationalactivities,evennatureoriented,havemoreandmoreadverseeffectsonnature.Theeconomicaspectoftourismcertainlyplaysaroleinthetrilateralpolicydecisions.Theweightthatthisaspectcarriesinthepolicymakingprocessisachoiceinitself.Butinwhattermsarewemeasuringtheeconomiceffects,injobs,inregionalincomeandinvestments,orinthesustainableuseofnature?
Afifthobservation:
economicaspectsarepartofthediscussionabouttourismandthereisquitesomecashflowrelatedtoit.
3.DevelopmentsandNewTrends
itWhencomingupwithastrategyforrecreationalactivitiesisimportanttoconsiderdevelopmentsandtrendsinthesector.
1.Tourismisagrowingindustry.Itisseenasasectorwhichcanprovideemploymentinthenearfuture.Andforthisreasonsubsidiesaregiven.Thatisanattractiveproposition,particularyinregionswithrelativelyhighunemployment.ManycommunitycouncilsalongtheDutchcoasthaveplanstoexploittourism.Thesevaryfrombuildingasmallbungalowparktoahealthspawithabeach.Workisalreadyinprogressontheislandstoimprovethequalityofaccommodation.Thisrequireslargerinvestmentsandreturns.
2.Thetrendtotakeanumberofshortholidays.Thesamenumberofovernightstaysarethereforebeingsharedbymoreandothervisitorsandmoretransportisrequired.
3.Hotelmanagerswantthesamebedoccupiedmoreoften.Thestabilizationofthenumberofbedsavailable(apolicyontheDutchWaddenislands)isthereforecertainlynotsynonymouswithastabilizationofrecreationvolume.
4.Thetrendtowardsmoreactiveholidays.Theactivitiescanrangefromnatureexcursionstosportevents.ThisraisesthequestionwhethertheWaddennatureisseenasabackdroporasadestinationitself.Inordertoformulateastrategyontourismwewillhavetotakeintoaccountthefiveobservationsmade.
4.summarize:
(I)moreandmorespaceistakenbyaccommodations,improvingqualityalsorequiresmoresquaremeterspertourist;
(II)Daytourismleavesitsmarksinthelandscape;
(III)Seasonlengtheningmeansshorteningoftheundisturbedperiodsforbirds;
(IV)Recreationactivities,evennatureoriented,havemoreandmoreadverseeffectsonnature;
(V)Thetourismrelatedcashflowisontherise;
(VI)Agrowingnumberofpeoplevisit,knowandhopefullyappreciatetheWaddenSeaareaand..,disturbeachother.
TheimportanceoftheinternationalWaddenSeaareadoesnotneedtobestressed.Nordoestheimportanceofprotectingthearea'
snaturaldevelopment.Jointtrilateralgoalsandtargetshavealreadybeenlaiddownorarereceivingthefinaltouches.Al1wehavetodo,isbringaboutthegoals.ThetrilateralWaddenpolicycannolongerignorelandbasedrecreationalactivities;
theireffectsaretoofarreaching.Dunes,marshesandbirdsarecurrentlywitnessingalossinterritoryandanincreaseindisturbanceanddamage.Thecountrysideisunderattackandnewbuildingprojectsthreatentoovershadowtheculturalandhistoricalvalueofthearea.Andsometimesthereatejusttoomanypeoplearound.It'
snotenoughtoacknowledgethatrecreationisimportanttothearea,todeclareahareaanationalpark,todosomezoningortofixthenumberofbeds.
Afundamentalconsiderationisneeded.Whatkindofrecreationalactivatesandaccommodationsfitthisnaturearea?
Whenandwherecantheytakeplace?
Answerstothesequestionsatethestartofastrategyforconservationofnatureandsustainablerecreation.
5.TheChoiceoftheDutchWaddenSociety
TheWaddenSeaareaofferssomeveryspecialopportunitiesforrecreation.Whenpeoplegettoknowandappreciateanareatheyaremorewillingtoprotectit.Andfromtheperspectiveoftourismitisnature,theopenness,thebirds,theuniquelandscapeandthehistoricculturalvaluesthatmakes.thisareaintosomethingsingularandspecial.ThesearethesellingpointsoftheWaddenSeaareaonthetouristicmarket.InourviewthereshouldbepossibilitiestoexperiencethatspecificWaddenSeanature.ThismeansWaddennature"
orientedrecreation.Butinsuchawaythatitisandcontinuesrespectingnature.Thisisofcoursesomethingtotallydifferentfromislandhoppingbyaeroplaneoradiscopartyonthebeach.
Whatsuchachoicemeansfromasustainableandeconomicperspectiveisofcourseanimportantquestion.Doesitmeanmorevisitormanagement,moreexcursionleadersandlessdiscjockey?
Morebirdwatchesfacilitiesandwardeningandlessrecreationalairtrafficandtropicalswimmingparadises?
Theseaspectsdefinitelyneedmoreresear
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