完整版构词法Word文档下载推荐.docx
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完整版构词法Word文档下载推荐.docx
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prefixationisamorphologicalprocesswherebyaprefixisattachedtothefrontofbase(rootorword).
2)Grammaticalrole:
Usually,prefixationtendstobesemanticallyoriented,addingnewmeaningtoabasewithoutchangeinthepartofspeech(词性).
3)Examples:
Autograft(自体移植),isograft(同系移植物),allograft(homograft)(同种异体移植物),xenograft(hetrograft)(异种移植物)allhavethesamerootgraftbutdenotegraftsofdifferenttypesbecauseoftheirprefixes.
(2)Suffixation
1)Definition:
Suffixationisamorphologicalprocesswherebyasuffixisattachedtotheendofabase(wordorroot)
2)Grammaticalrole:
Suffixesarebasicallyclass-changing.Hence,suffixationtendstochangethepartofspeechofaword.
immune,immunity,immunizeandimmunizationhavebasicmeaning,allrelatedto“immunity”ofanorganism,butbelongtodifferentwordclasses.
(3)Combiningvowols(CV)
1)Definition:
Whentwobasesarecombinedorasuffixisattachedtoabase,ifthereisnovoweltojointthetwoforms,avowolcalledthecombiningvowolisadded.
2)CommonlyusedCVs:
Themostcommonlyusedcombiningvowoliso,withiandacomingsecond.
3)Examples:
arthr+o+centesis=arthrocentesis
Mast+o+carcinoma=mastocarcinoma
Mamm+o+plasia=mammoplasia
(4)Commonpatternsofaffixation
①Prefix+root
Inject=in+ject
②prefix+combiningvowel+root
Ectoderm=ect+o+derm
③root+suffix
Stasis=sta+sis
④root+combiningvowel+suffix
Sclerosis=scler+o+sis
⑤prefix+root+suffix
Perirenal=peri+ren+al
⑥prefix+root+combiningvowel+suffix
Synarthrosis=syn+arthr+0+sis
⑦prefix+prefix+root+combiningvowel+suffix
Contraindication=contra+in+dic+a+
Tion
8root+root+suffix
sialadenitis=sial+aden+itis
9root+combiningvowel+root+suffix
hemophilia=hem+o+phil+ia
10prefix+root+root+suffix
hyperglycemia=hyper+glyc+(h)em+
ia
2.Composition(合成法)
(1)Definition:
Compositionisaword-formingprocessbyjoiningtwoormorewords.
(2)Typesofcompounds
1)Opencompound:
Anopencompoundismadeupoftwoormorewordswrittenseparately.
Forexample,womandoctor,mannurse,braindeath,birthcontrol,graymatter.
2)Hyphenatedcompound:
Anhyphenatedcompoundcontainstwoormorewordsconnectedbyahyphen.
Forexample,high-resolution,host-specific,deaf-mute,air-borne,bottle-feed,graft-versus-host
3)Solidcompound:
Asolidcompoundconsistsoftwowordswrittenasonewordsuchaswindpipe,sleepwalk,overweight,andnosebleed.
4)Neoclassicalcompound:
Aneoclassicalcompoundrefertothosecoinedfromelementsoftheclassicallanguages(LatinandGreek).
Mostrootsandcompoundsuffixeshavebeenveryactiveandproductiveinthisword-formingprocess.Suchwordsasbiocide,lysosome,bio-science,psychanalysis,biophysicsandchemotherapyareallneoclassicalcompounds.
3.Conversion(转化法)
(1)Definition:
Aword-formingprocesswhereby
awordisadaptedorconvertedtoanewclasswithoutanychangeofform.
(2)Examples:
Stent(n.-----v.)plaster(n.-----v.)
Mask(n.-----v.)faint(adj.-----v.)
Smell(v.-----n.)skin(n.-----v.)
4.Shortening(缩略法)
-----Blending(紧缩法)
-----clipping(音节缩略法)
-----Acronyms(字母缩略词)
(2)Blending(紧缩法)-----blend(紧缩词)
1)Definition:
Ablendisformedbyblendingtwoormorewords.
2)Typesandexamples:
threemajorpatternsasfollows,
Part+partgenome(gene+chromosome)
Whole+partbreathalyzer(breath+analyzer)
Part+wholemedicaid(medical+aid)
Medicare(medical+care)
Medichair(medical+chair)
Paramedic(parachute+medic)
(3)clipping(音节缩略法)
clippingreferstotheprocesswherebyawordisshortenedbyclippingoffpartofthewordwithoutchangeinitsmeaningandwordclass.
2)Examples:
Exam---------------examination
Flu------------------influenza
Spec----------------spectacles
Polio----------------poliomyelitis
Psych---------------psychology
Quack-------------quacksalver
(3)Acronyms(字母缩略词)
anacronymisawordcoinedfromtheinitiallettersofagroupwords.
2)Patternsandexamples:
------AcronymsfrommodernEnglish
CT-------------(computerizedtomography)
RBC----------(redbloodcell)
BMR---------(basalmetabolicrate)
ButTB-------------tuberculosis
OD------------overdose
IV--------------intravenous
------AcronymsfromLatinorGreek
a.c.(antecibum=beforemeal)
p.c.(postcibum=aftermeal)
b.i.d.(bisindie=twiceaday)
t.i.d(terindie=threetimesaday)
q.i.d(quarterindie=fourtimesaday)
b.i.n(bisinnocte=twiceanight)
O.D.(oculusdexter=righteye)
O.S.(oculussinister=lefteye)
p.r.n(prorenata=asneeded)
q.h(quaquehora=everyhour)
q.m(quaquemane=everymorning)
q.n(quaquenocte=everynight)
5.Backformation(逆生法)
(1)Definition:
Itisausaulprocesstoformnounsfromexsistingverbsbyaddingsuffixessuch–or,-er,-ar.Forinstance,teacherismadefromteachandsuffix–er.Backformationreferstothereversedprocess,Thatis,verbsaremadefromexistingnounsbydeletingseemingorimaginedaffix.
(2)Examples:
Chain-smoke←------chain-smoker
Automate←---------automation
Diagnose←---------diagnosis
Ovulate←----------ovulation
Palpitate←--------palpitation
Contracept←-------contraception
Transcript←-------transcription
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