语言学习题答案.docx
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语言学习题答案.docx
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语言学习题答案
1.Q:
Whatisthescopeoflinguistics?
Thescopeoflinguisticscanbeillustratedas:
1)Generallinguistics:
thestudyoflanguageaswhole.Itdealswiththebasicconcepts,theories,descriptions,modelsandmethodsapplicableinanylinguisticstudy.
2)Phonetics:
thestudyofsoundsusedincommunication.
3)Phonology:
thestudyabouthowsoundsareputtogetherandusedtoconveymeaningincommunication.
4)Morphology:
thestudyofthewayinwhichsymbols/morphemesarearrangedtoformwords.
5)Syntax:
thestudyoftherulesaboutthecombinationofwordstoformpermisiblesentences.
6)Semantics:
thestudyofmeaning.
7)Pragmatics:
thestudyofmeaninginthecontextofuse.
AndtheInterdisciplinarybranches.
1)Sociolinguistics
2)Psycholinguistics……………
2.Q:
Whatmakesmodernlinguisticsdifferentfromtraditionalgrammar?
Modernlinguisticsdiffersfromtraditionalgrammarinseveralbasicways:
firstly,modernlinguisticsisdescriptive,itdescribesthelanguageasitis;whiletraditionalgrammarisprescriptive,itprescribesthewaylanguageshouldbeused.Secondly,modernlinguisticsregardsthespokenlanguageasprimary,notthewritten.Then,modernlinguisticsdiffersfromtraditionalgrammaralsointhatitdoesnotforcelanguagesintoalatin-basedframework.
3.Q:
Whatisaphone?
Howisitdifferentfromaphoneme?
Howareallophonesrelatedtoaphoneme?
Aphoneisaphoneticunitorsegment.
Aphonemeisaphonologicalunit;itisaunitthatisofdistinctivevalue.Itisanabstractunit.Itisnotanyparticularsound.
Thedifferentphoneswhichcanrepresentaphonemeindifferentphoneticenvironmentsarecalledtheallophonesofthatphoneme.
4.Q:
Explainwithexamplesthesequentialrule,theassimilationruleandthedeletionrule?
1)Sequentialrulesformthelettersas“k,h,l,j”intoallpossiblewordsinEnglish.Wemightorderthemas:
blik,klib,bilk,kilb.withoutotherorders.Soitindicatesthattherearerulesthatgovernthecombinationofsoundsinaparticularlanguage.Onespecialsequentialrulethat……
2)Assimilationrule:
itassimilatesonesoundtoanotherbycopyingafeatherofasequentialphoneme,thusmakingthetwophonessimilar.Forexample:
“illegal”,inlegal
3)Deletionrule:
Itcanbestatedas:
deletea[g]whenitoccursbeforeafinalnasalconsonant.forexample:
“designation”,the[g]representedbytheletter“g”ispronounced,whileintheword“sign”./g/soundisdeleted,becauseitisfollowedbyandendedwiththenasalconsonant/n/.
5.Q:
WhatarethemajortypesofsynonymsinEnglish?
TherearefivetypesofsynonymsinEnglish.Theyaredialectalsynonyms--synonymsusedindifferentregionaldialects;stylisticssynonyms–synonymsdifferinginstyle;synonymsthatdifferintheiremotiveorevaluativemeaning;collocationalsynonyms;semanticallydifferentsynonyms.
6.Q:
Explainwithexamples“Homonymy”,“Polysemy”,and“Hyponymy”?
Homonymy(定义)….Itincludeshomophones(定义)(piece\peace),homographs(定义)(bowv.\bown.)andcompletehomonyms(定义)(scalen.\scalev.).
Polysemymeansthatthesameonewordmayhavemorethatonemeaning.Forexample:
“table”,hasatleastsevenmeanings.
Hyponymymeansthatthesenserelationbetweenamoregeneral,moreinclusivewordandamorespecificword.Forexample:
“furniture”issuper-ordinate,itshyponymsarebed,table,desk,dresser,wardrobe,settee……
7.Q:
Howcanwordsoppositeinmeaningbeclassified?
Towhichcategorydoeseachofthefollowingpairsofantonymsbelong?
Therearethreetypesoppositionsinmeaning.Theyaregradableantonyms,complementaryantonymsandrelationalopposites.
“north\south”,“wide\narrow”and“poor\rich”belongtogradableantonyms;“vacant\occupied”and“literate\illiterate”belongtocomplementaryantonyms;“above\below”,“doctor\patient”and“father\daughter”belongtorelationalopposites.
8.Q:
Howaresentencemeaningandutterancemeaningrelated,andhowdotheydiffer?
Themeaningofasentenceisabstract,andde-contextualized,thatofanutteranceisconcrete,andcontext-dependent.Themeaningofanutteranceisbasedonsentencemeaning;itistherealizationoftheabstractmeaningofasentenceinarealsituationofcommunication,orsimplyinacontext.
Difference:
Sentencemeaningincludeslocutionaryact,butitdoesn’tincludeillocutionaryactandperlocutionaryact.
9.Q:
AccordingtoAustin,whatarethethreeactsapersonispossiblyperformingwhilemakinganutterance.Giveanexample?
Theyarelocutionaryact,illocutionaryactandperlocutionaryact.Forexample:
someoneutters“you”“have”“door”“open”!
Thelocutionaryactexpresseswhatthewordsliterallymean.Theillocutionaryactexpressesthespeaker’sintention:
askingsomeonetoclosethedoor.Thehearergetsthespeaker’smessageandseesthatthespeakermeanstotellhimtoclosethe
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